What Is Thermal Energy? — Passage

Have you ever touched a warm mug of hot chocolate or felt the heat from the sun on your skin? That warmth comes from something called thermal energy.

Thermal energy is the energy that comes from the movement of tiny particles inside matter. Everything around us is made of atoms and molecules. These particles are always moving—even in solid objects! The faster they move, the more thermal energy the object has.

When you heat something, you're adding thermal energy. For example, when a metal spoon sits in hot soup, heat moves from the soup into the spoon. The particles in the spoon start to move faster, and the spoon feels warm. This is a form of energy transfer—from one object to another.

Thermal energy is related to temperature, but they are not the same thing. Temperature measures how fast the particles are moving on average, while thermal energy also depends on the number of particles. This means a large pot of warm water has more thermal energy than a small cup of hot water, even if the cup feels hotter.

Thermal energy can move in different ways—conduction, convection, and radiation. Whether it’s heating your hands near a campfire or warming soup on the stove, thermal energy is always at work.

In summary, thermal energy is the energy of moving particles inside matter. It helps explain how and why things heat up, cool down, and transfer energy in everyday life.

Fun Fact: Even ice cubes have thermal energy—their particles are still moving, just much more slowly than in warmer substances!