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This comprehensive 350-word reading passage introduces elementary students to the fascinating world beneath our feet—soil layers. Aligned with NGSS science standard 4-ESS2-1, this passage explores how soil has different layers with dark, rich topsoil on top and rocky subsoil below. Students learn about the soil profile, including topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock, and discover how these layers form over time as materials break down and settle in different places. The passage connects scientific concepts to everyday experiences, such as digging a hole and observing how soil changes color as you go deeper into the ground. Audio-integrated content makes this passage accessible to all learners. Complete with a simplified differentiated version, Spanish translations, glossary of key terms, multiple-choice comprehension questions, writing activities, and graphic organizers, this resource provides everything needed for a complete soil layers lesson. Perfect for teaching weathering, erosion, and earth materials in grades 4-5.
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Soil is the loose material that covers much of Earth's land surface. Soil is not the same all the way down. If you could dig a very deep hole, you would see that soil is made of different layers stacked on top of each other. Scientists call these layers soil horizons. Each layer has different materials and looks different from the others.
The top layer is called topsoil. Topsoil is usually dark brown or black because it contains humus, which is decomposed plant and animal material. Humus is what makes soil rich and good for growing plants. Most plant roots grow in this layer because it has the nutrients plants need. Topsoil is like a nutritious meal for plants.
Below the topsoil is a layer called subsoil. Subsoil is lighter in color than topsoil because it has less humus. This layer contains more small rocks and clay. Water that drains through topsoil often carries nutrients down into the subsoil.
Even deeper is a layer made mostly of broken rock pieces. Below that is solid rock called bedrock. Bedrock is the hard rock layer that all the other layers rest on top of.
These soil layers form very slowly over thousands of years. Rocks break down into smaller pieces through a process called weathering. Dead plants and animals pile up on top and decompose. Together, these processes create the different soil layers we see today.
Interesting Fact: It can take 500 to 1,000 years to form just one inch of topsoil!
What is the top soil layer called?
TopsoilSubsoilBedrockHumus
What makes topsoil dark in color?
Small rocks and clayHumus from decomposed plants and animalsWater from rainBroken rock pieces
What is bedrock?
The top layer of soilDecomposed plant materialThe solid rock at the bottomA layer with small rocks
Why do most plant roots grow in topsoil?
It has the most waterIt is the easiest to dig throughIt has nutrients plants needIt has the most rocks
How does subsoil differ from topsoil?
Subsoil is darker and has more humusSubsoil is lighter with more rocksSubsoil is solid rockSubsoil has more plant roots
What happens during weathering?
Plants grow in soilWater moves through soil layersRocks break into smaller piecesAnimals dig holes in ground
Soil layers form quickly in just a few years.
TrueFalse
What are soil horizons?
Types of plants in soilDifferent layers of soilRocks on Earth's surfaceTools for digging holes
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