70,000 Years Ago: The Cognitive Revolution — Reading Comprehension

The Cognitive Revolution refers to a period about 70,000 years ago when Homo sapiens began to think, communicate, and create in new, more advanced ways. Archaeological discoveries, such as engraved ochre from Blombos Cave in South Africa and ancient tools from Eastern Africa, provide evidence that early humans started to use symbolic language and make complex art. Scientists believe this revolution helped Homo sapiens survive and spread across the globe, while other human species, like Neanderthals, eventually disappeared.

One key feature of the Cognitive Revolution was the development of abstract thinking. Early humans began to imagine things that did not exist, such as spirits, myths, or strategies for hunting. For example, cave paintings in Lascaux, France, created about 17,000 years ago, show animals and human figures that may have had spiritual or social meanings. The ability to share ideas through symbolic communication allowed groups to pass knowledge and traditions from one generation to the next.

Another important change was the improvement of toolmaking and technology. Before the Cognitive Revolution, tools were simple and mostly made from stone. Afterward, Homo sapiens began making tools with bone, antler, and even creating needles for sewing clothes. Archaeologists have found blades, fishhooks, and ornaments at sites like Dolní Věstonice in the Czech Republic, dating back nearly 30,000 years. These advances show that early humans were learning to adapt to different environments, from icy tundras to hot savannas.

The Cognitive Revolution also changed social organization. Early humans formed larger and more complex social groups. With improved cooperation, they could hunt big animals, defend against predators, and share resources. Social hierarchies and roles developed, allowing some individuals to become leaders or specialists, such as skilled toolmakers or storytellers. This organization supported survival and led to the development of diverse cultures.

In conclusion, the Cognitive Revolution marked a turning point in human history, enabling Homo sapiens to develop advanced language, technology, and social structures. These changes helped our species outcompete other hominids and spread across continents. This period connects to broader themes in history, such as adaptation, innovation, and the evolution of societies.

Interesting Fact: Archaeologists believe that the first jewelry, made from shells and animal teeth, was created during the Cognitive Revolution as a form of symbolic self-expression.

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The Cognitive Revolution led to new technology.

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