Andrew Johnson Impeachment 1868: Reconstruction Conflict — Reading Comprehension

The impeachment of President Andrew Johnson in 1868 was a turning point during the Reconstruction era, a period when the United States struggled to rebuild and reunite after the Civil War. Johnson, who became president after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, faced deep disagreements with Congress about how to reunite the country and ensure rights for former slaves. The conflict between Johnson and Congress grew so intense that it led to the first impeachment trial of a U.S. president.

One major problem was the question of how Southern states should be brought back into the Union. Johnson favored a lenient approach, quickly restoring Southern governments and allowing many former Confederates to regain power. He often vetoed laws passed by Congress that aimed to protect the rights of freedmen. Congress, especially the Radical Republicans, wanted strict requirements to ensure the South accepted the new amendments ending slavery and granting citizenship. This clash showed how different leaders had contrasting visions for America's future.

Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act in 1867 to limit Johnson’s power to remove certain government officials without Senate approval. Johnson challenged this law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who supported Congressional Reconstruction. In response, the House of Representatives charged Johnson with violating the law. One member of Congress declared, “If the President may ignore the laws, the government is at an end.” This quote demonstrates the fear that Johnson’s actions could undermine the Constitution and the balance of power among government branches.

From Johnson’s perspective, he believed he was defending the presidency and the rights of the states. He argued that Congress was trying to control the executive branch and punish the South unfairly. Supporters of Johnson felt that impeachment was a political attack, not a fair use of the Constitution. Meanwhile, Radical Republicans believed that failing to act against Johnson would allow old Southern leaders to reverse progress for African Americans. Both sides used political strategy to gain public support and secure their vision for the nation.

The Senate trial began in March 1868. It became a national sensation, highlighting the tension between different branches of government. In the end, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote—he remained president, but his power was greatly reduced. The impeachment crisis made clear that the president could not ignore Congress completely. It also set a precedent for future conflicts between the executive and legislative branches.

The consequences of Johnson’s impeachment were significant. Reconstruction continued, but the struggle over civil rights and federal authority persisted for years. The conflict revealed contradictions in the nation’s commitment to equality and the rule of law. It also showed how the checks and balances system could be tested during times of crisis. Studying the impeachment of Andrew Johnson helps us understand the ongoing debates about power, justice, and how America defines its democracy.

Interesting Fact: President Andrew Johnson did not attend the trial in person. He spent much of his time in the White House, waiting for the verdict.

Who became president after Lincoln died?

What law did Johnson violate?

Who was fired by Johnson in 1868?

Why did Radical Republicans oppose Johnson?

What did the impeachment trial show?

What does the quote show?

Johnson was impeached and removed from office. True or false?

What does 'checks and balances' mean?