Immigration Restriction 1920s: Closing America's Doors — Reading Comprehension

In the 1920s, the United States government passed strict new laws that greatly limited immigration. The legislation was a response to growing fears about the changing shape of American society. Throughout the late 1800s and early 1900s, millions of people arrived from Europe and other regions, hoping for economic opportunity and freedom. Their arrival transformed cities, workplaces, and neighborhoods, leading to both excitement and anxiety among native-born Americans.

Several factors contributed to the rise of immigration restriction. After World War I, Americans worried about jobs, political unrest, and cultural differences. The economy faced challenges, and some workers blamed immigrants for low wages and competition. At the same time, a movement known as nativism gained popularity. Nativists believed the United States should protect its original culture by limiting newcomers. They argued that too much diversity threatened national unity.

One of the most important laws was the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924. These laws set strict quotas—numerical limits—on immigrants from different countries. For example, the 1924 Act allowed only 2% of the number of people from a country already living in the U.S. in 1890 to immigrate each year. This system favored immigrants from Western Europe and severely restricted those from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as Asia.

Supporters of restriction believed these laws would solve social and economic problems. Senator David A. Reed, one sponsor of the 1924 law, declared, "America must remain American." This statement, a primary source from the Congressional Record, reflects the belief that the nation’s identity was at risk. Restrictionists used such arguments to justify their position, claiming that the laws would strengthen American values and protect jobs for citizens.

However, not all Americans agreed. Many business leaders, laborers, and immigrants objected to the new policies. Some pointed out that immigrants contributed greatly to the economy and culture. Others argued that the laws were unfair and discriminatory, especially toward certain ethnic groups. Families were separated when relatives could not join them in the United States. Critics believed that the laws contradicted American ideals of liberty and opportunity.

The consequences of these laws were far-reaching. Immigration from Europe dropped dramatically. Asian immigration was almost entirely banned. Ellis Island, once crowded with hopeful arrivals, grew quieter. While some Americans felt more secure, others mourned the closing of America’s "golden door." The laws also encouraged new debates about what it meant to be American and who should be included in the nation’s future.

Over time, historians have analyzed these events to understand their complexity. The immigration restrictions of the 1920s were not simply about numbers. They reflected deep tensions over identity, democracy, and economic change. The debate over who should be allowed to enter the United States remains relevant today.

Interesting Fact: In 1924, the U.S. government established the Border Patrol to enforce immigration laws along the country’s borders for the first time.

When was the Emergency Quota Act passed?

What did the Immigration Act of 1924 do?

Who was David A. Reed?

Why did nativists want restriction?

What was a consequence of these laws?

What did critics of the laws argue?

Immigration restriction ended all immigration. True or false?

What is the meaning of 'quotas'?