Persian Gulf War 1991: Operation Desert Storm — Reading Comprehension

In August 1990, Iraq invaded the small, oil-rich country of Kuwait. This sudden action shocked the world and became the central problem that led to the conflict known as the Persian Gulf War. Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein claimed that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq and accused it of stealing oil by drilling across the border. However, many countries saw Iraq’s invasion as an act of aggression and a threat to peace in the region. The United Nations responded quickly, demanding that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait. This set the stage for a major international confrontation.

The United States, along with a coalition of 34 countries, faced a difficult choice. Should they use military force to remove Iraq from Kuwait, or should they rely on diplomatic efforts and economic sanctions? The coalition feared that allowing Iraq to control Kuwait’s oil would give Saddam Hussein too much power, possibly threatening other Middle Eastern nations. After months of failed negotiations, President George H. W. Bush explained the coalition’s decision: "This will not stand, this aggression against Kuwait." This statement, made in August 1990, signaled a clear intent to act. It also became a rallying cry for those who believed force was necessary to stop Iraq.

Operation Desert Storm began on January 17, 1991, with a massive air campaign against Iraqi military targets. The coalition’s advanced technology, including stealth aircraft and precision guided bombs, gave them a significant advantage. Iraq responded by launching missiles at neighboring countries like Israel and Saudi Arabia, hoping to divide the coalition. Despite these efforts, coalition forces maintained unity. After weeks of air attacks, a ground offensive began on February 24, 1991. In just 100 hours, coalition troops liberated Kuwait, and Iraq agreed to a ceasefire.

The war’s outcome was shaped by contrasting perspectives. For the coalition, the quick victory demonstrated the effectiveness of international cooperation and modern military power. Many Americans and their allies saw Operation Desert Storm as a successful mission with minimal coalition casualties. However, from the Iraqi perspective, the war was a devastating defeat that caused heavy losses and long-term suffering among civilians. Some critics argued that the war left Saddam Hussein in power, and that the destruction created new problems in the region.

The consequences of the Persian Gulf War were complex. Kuwait’s independence was restored, but much of its infrastructure was destroyed. Iraq faced strict sanctions and ongoing unrest, which led to years of hardship for its people. The coalition’s use of advanced weapons changed how future wars would be fought. Yet, the war also raised questions about the limits of military intervention and the responsibility of powerful nations in global affairs. The event remains a case study in the use of force, international law, and the balance of power.

Interesting Fact: Interesting Fact: The Persian Gulf War was the first conflict to be broadcast live on television around the world, allowing people to watch military operations in real time from their homes.

Who invaded Kuwait in 1990?

Which leader ordered the invasion of Kuwait?

What was the name of the military operation?

Why did the coalition act against Iraq?

What technology gave the coalition an advantage?

What did critics of the war argue?

The war was broadcast live on TV.

What does 'coalition' mean?