Hamilton and Jefferson's Different Visions — Reading Comprehension

In the 1790s, the United States faced serious questions about how its new government should work. Two important cabinet members, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, had sharply different ideas about the future of the country. Their debates over government power, the economy, and foreign policy shaped U.S. history.

Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury, believed the federal government should be strong and active. He thought central authority was needed to unite the states and support economic growth. Hamilton wanted the government to pay off war debts, create a national bank, and encourage manufacturing. He argued, "A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing." This primary source quote shows how Hamilton viewed debt as a tool to build credit and unity. His supporters became known as Federalists.

Jefferson, the Secretary of State, disagreed with Hamilton's vision. He believed most government power should stay with the states. Jefferson thought a strong central government might threaten individual freedoms and the rights of local communities. He preferred an economy based on farming and rural life, not on factories or big banks. Jefferson and his followers, called Democratic-Republicans, warned that Hamilton’s policies favored wealthy people and business interests.

Their conflict also extended to foreign policy. Hamilton admired Britain’s system and wanted close economic ties with England. Jefferson, however, supported France, where a revolution was underway. Jefferson believed the United States should help other nations fighting for liberty. This disagreement showed the influence of world events on American politics. It also highlighted how leaders weighed national interest against their values.

The debate between Hamilton and Jefferson exposed deep contradictions in the new nation. Both men wanted the country to succeed, but they disagreed about how to balance liberty and order, or state and national power. Their arguments led to the formation of the first political parties in the United States. Federalists favored Hamilton’s ideas, while Democratic-Republicans sided with Jefferson. This division made political debate a permanent feature of American democracy. It also proved that disagreements could be handled through discussion and elections, not violence.

Their visions had lasting consequences. Hamilton’s economic plans helped stabilize the young nation’s finances. Jefferson’s focus on individual rights influenced the Bill of Rights and later political movements. Their debates continue to echo in modern discussions about government, economy, and foreign policy.

Interesting Fact: Even though Hamilton and Jefferson were fierce rivals, both served in President George Washington’s cabinet and helped shape the foundation of the United States government.

Who was the first Secretary of the Treasury?

What did Hamilton want to create?

Jefferson's supporters were called:

Why did Hamilton support debt?

What did Jefferson fear about a strong central government?

Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about foreign policy. What did Hamilton want?

Political parties began because of their debates. True or false?

What is 'foreign policy'?