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American Indians and U.S. Citizenship — Reading Comprehension

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This reading passage explores the complex history of American Indians and U.S. citizenship, focusing on the period after the United States became a nation. Students will analyze how Native nations were regarded as foreign entities, the challenges faced by Native peoples in gaining individual citizenship rights, and the changing perspectives over time. The passage incorporates primary source evidence, disciplinary vocabulary, and multiple viewpoints to help students develop historical reasoning skills. It aligns with CA HSS 8.8.2 and Common Core RI.6.3, RI.6.4, and W.6.2 standards. Also included are a quiz, writing activities, graphic organizers, timeline, and a glossary to support diverse learners. The content is available in English and Spanish, with both standard and differentiated versions. Read aloud audio is also provided for accessibility and engagement.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"Vice President Curtis receives peace pipe from Chief Red Tomahawk, slayer of Sitting Bull. Chief Red Tomahawk, leader of the Sioux Nation and credited with having killed Sitting Bull, presented Vice President Curtis with a peace pipe at the United States Capitol today. Chief Red Tomahawk, who is 80 years old, is in the National Capital repaying the visit of Chief of Staff Charles P. Summerall, who last year was a guest of the Chief in his Western home" by Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress.

The relationship between American Indians and U.S. citizenship has a complex history. When the United States became a nation, most Native peoples were not considered U.S. citizens. Instead, they were seen as members of separate, sovereign nations with their own governments and cultures. This unique legal status created challenges for both Native communities and the U.S. government.

At first, the U.S. government signed treaties with American Indian nations, recognizing their sovereignty. Treaties are formal agreements between nations. These treaties often addressed land, resources, and the rights of Native peoples. However, as settlers moved west, the U.S. government began to break these agreements. Native sovereignty was increasingly threatened as the government passed laws and established reservations. Reservations were areas of land set aside for American Indian nations, but these lands were usually much smaller than traditional territories.

The question of citizenship became more important as the United States expanded. Many American Indians wanted to keep their nationhood and self-government, fearing that becoming citizens would mean losing their cultural identity and rights. Others believed that citizenship could provide new protections and opportunities. U.S. lawmakers debated how to include Native peoples in American society. For most of the 19th century, American Indians could only become citizens in certain situations, such as through military service or marriage to a U.S. citizen.

Major changes came with the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924. This law granted U.S. citizenship to all American Indians born in the United States. While this seemed like progress, it did not automatically give Native peoples full equality. Many states still denied them the right to vote or limited their participation in government. In addition, the federal government continued to make decisions for tribes without their consent. The struggle for full recognition of rights and respect for sovereignty continued throughout the 20th century.

Today, American Indians are both citizens of the United States and members of their own nations. This dual status is unique. It allows Native peoples to participate in American society while preserving their distinct cultures and governments. However, issues of sovereignty and legal status still matter. Many Native communities continue to fight for the protection of their lands, languages, and treaty rights. Understanding this history helps us see the importance of respecting tribal sovereignty and the ongoing challenges faced by Native peoples.

Interesting Fact: Charles Curtis, a member of the Kaw Nation, became the first American Indian to serve as Vice President of the United States in 1929.

Who are American Indians?

Indigenous peoples of North AmericaEuropean settlersSouth American citizensU.S. Presidents

What are treaties?

Formal agreements between nationsTypes of reservationsCitizenship documentsVoting rights

When was the Indian Citizenship Act passed?

1924177618651965

Why did some Native peoples hesitate to become citizens?

Fear of losing identityThey disliked votingNeeded more landWanted to move west

What was one effect of the Indian Citizenship Act?

Citizenship for all Native AmericansImmediate voting rights everywhereEnd of tribal nationsCreation of new reservations

How did reservations impact Native nations?

Reduced traditional landsGave more independenceExpanded their territoryAllowed voting