Why the Articles Failed — Reading Comprehension

The Articles of Confederation were the first written plan of government for the United States, approved in 1777 during the Revolutionary War. The Articles created a confederation, or alliance, of thirteen independent states. Each state kept most of its power and independence. The central government was intentionally kept weak because many Americans feared a strong national authority after fighting for independence from Britain.

However, this weak central government quickly led to serious problems. Under the Articles, Congress could not collect taxes directly from citizens. Instead, it had to ask the states for money to pay debts and fund the army. States often refused or sent less than asked. As George Washington wrote in a letter, "We are one nation today and thirteen tomorrow. Who will treat with us on such terms?" This quote shows how the lack of unity made the country appear unreliable to other nations.

Another major issue was that Congress could not regulate commerce between the states or with foreign countries. States set their own trade rules and tariffs, which led to arguments and economic confusion. This made it hard for American businesses to succeed and for the country to pay its debts to other nations. Small farmers in western states, merchants in coastal cities, and leaders in Congress each viewed these issues differently. While some feared losing local control, others worried about economic survival and national security.

Furthermore, the government had no executive branch to enforce laws and no national courts to settle disputes. If a state ignored a law passed by Congress, there was no way to force them to obey. For example, when some states refused to send soldiers or money during national emergencies, Congress was powerless to act. This created frustration and made the government appear weak both at home and abroad.

The weaknesses of the Articles became especially clear during events like Shays' Rebellion in 1786. Angry farmers in Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays, protested high taxes and economic hardship. The national government could not help the state put down the rebellion, showing how ineffective it was. Many leaders realized that changes were necessary to create a government that could protect citizens and solve national problems.

As a result, a convention was called in 1787 to revise the Articles. Instead, delegates created a new Constitution that established a stronger federal government with the power to tax, regulate commerce, and enforce laws. Some Americans worried this new government would be too powerful, but others believed it was essential for the nation's survival. The debate over how much power the central government should have continues to shape American politics today.

Interesting Fact: The Articles of Confederation required all thirteen states to agree before any changes could be made, making it nearly impossible to fix its problems.

When were the Articles approved?

What could Congress NOT do?

Who led a rebellion in 1786?

Why did Americans want a weak government?

How did Shays' Rebellion show the Articles’ weakness?

What was one effect of not regulating commerce?

Congress could easily enforce laws. True or False?

What does 'confederation' mean?