Theodore Roosevelt Square Deal: Progressive Policies — Reading Comprehension

President Theodore Roosevelt introduced the Square Deal as a set of progressive reforms in the early twentieth century. The United States faced significant problems at the time—monopolies controlled entire industries, working conditions were often dangerous, and natural resources were being depleted without concern for the future. Roosevelt believed that government should take an active role in ensuring fairness and justice for all Americans, not just the wealthy or powerful.

At the heart of the Square Deal was a promise of fairness. Roosevelt explained, “When I say I believe in a square deal, I mean a fair deal for every man and woman in the United States.” This statement, from a 1903 speech, reflected his belief that the government had a duty to protect ordinary people from unfair business practices. Roosevelt did not side entirely with either workers or business owners. Instead, he sought a balance, or compromise, between competing interests in society.

One major issue Roosevelt addressed was the power of large corporations known as trusts. Many Americans believed that these companies, or monopolies, used their size to crush competition and control prices. Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up trusts he considered harmful, earning him the nickname “trust-buster.” However, he also recognized that not all big businesses were bad. Some trusts, he argued, were efficient and benefited consumers, so he targeted only those that acted unfairly. This regulation of business marked a shift in how the federal government interacted with the economy.

Labor disputes were another major concern. In 1902, coal miners went on strike, demanding better pay and safer conditions. Instead of sending troops to break the strike, as previous presidents had done, Roosevelt invited both workers and mine owners to the White House. He listened to both sides and helped broker an agreement. This approach was unusual for the time and showed his commitment to using government power to settle conflicts peacefully. However, not everyone agreed with Roosevelt’s methods. Business leaders argued that government interference threatened their property rights, while some labor activists felt Roosevelt did not go far enough to support workers’ demands.

Conservation was another key part of Roosevelt’s Square Deal. He was alarmed by the rapid destruction of forests, wildlife, and other natural resources. Roosevelt worked with scientists and environmentalists to create national parks, forests, and wildlife refuges. Under his leadership, over 230 million acres of public land were protected. Still, some western ranchers and miners opposed these policies, arguing that they limited economic opportunities and individual freedom.

The Square Deal had a lasting impact on American society. It expanded the federal government’s role in regulating business and protecting the environment. Roosevelt’s reforms inspired future presidents and paved the way for even broader changes during the New Deal of the 1930s. Yet, the Square Deal also exposed the tensions between economic growth, individual rights, and government responsibility. These conflicts continue to shape debates about fairness and reform today.

Interesting Fact: Roosevelt was the first president to invite an African American, Booker T. Washington, to dine at the White House, highlighting his willingness to challenge social norms, even as his progressivism had its limits.

What was the Square Deal?

Who was called a 'trust-buster'?

When did Roosevelt become President?

Why did Roosevelt break up some trusts?

What was a major focus of conservation?

What does Roosevelt’s quote mean?

The Square Deal aimed to help only the wealthy.

What is a monopoly?