This learning resource is available in interactive and printable formats. The interactive worksheet can be played online and assigned to students. The Printable PDF version can be downloaded and printed for completion by hand.
This 4th-grade reading passage introduces students to the fascinating physics behind the classic desk toy, the Newton's Cradle. It aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Disciplinary Core Concept PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer. The passage explains how motion and energy are conserved and transferred from one ball to the next through a simple chain reaction. Key terms like potential energy and kinetic energy are defined in easy-to-understand language. Students will learn that when one ball is lifted, it gains potential energy, which is converted to kinetic energy as it swings down. This energy then transfers through the other balls, causing the last ball to swing out. The passage also includes a fun fact about the toy's history and its connection to Sir Isaac Newton. This resource is designed to make complex physics concepts accessible and engaging for elementary students. The included assessment questions test students on recall, inference, and application of the concepts presented.
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Newton's Cradle is a famous science toy that shows how energy and motion can move from one object to another. It has a row of metal balls hanging in a line, each touching the next. When you pull back one ball and let it go, you start a chain reaction!
The first ball you pull back has potential energy. This means energy is stored and ready to move. When you let the ball go, it swings down and gains speed. Now, it has kinetic energy, which is energy of motion.
When the first ball hits the row of still balls, a collision happens. But something amazing occurs—the balls in the middle barely move! Instead, the energy and momentum (how much motion something has, found by multiplying its mass and speed) pass through them very quickly, like a secret message. The ball on the opposite end swings out with almost the same speed as the first ball!
This is because energy and momentum must be conserved, or kept. They can't disappear, so they travel through the line of balls. If you pull back two balls, two balls swing out on the other end. If you pull back three, three swing out. The middle balls just pass the energy along, almost like playing telephone with energy.
Newton's Cradle helps us see how energy transfers during collisions. We see this in real life, too. When pool balls hit each other, or when cars crash, energy moves from one object to another. Even on the playground, when you bump into a friend on a swing, you are transferring energy!
You can make a simple Newton's Cradle at home using marbles or coins lined up in a row. Try it out and see how energy travels!
Interesting Fact: Some Newton's Cradles can swing for several minutes before stopping, showing how energy moves back and forth until it is used up by friction.
What does Newton's Cradle show?
How energy and motion transferHow plants growHow sound travelsHow birds fly
What is potential energy?
Stored energy, ready to moveEnergy from foodEnergy from heatEnergy in water