Sound Waves and Vibrations — Reading Comprehension
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This passage and assessment are designed for a 4th-grade science class to explore the disciplinary core concept of PS4.A: Wave Properties. The content focuses on the Sound Wave Experiment, using a speaker and salt on a rubber sheet to model how a sound wave makes particles vibrate. The passage, written in a simple and engaging tone, explains key terms like vibrations, amplitude, and wavelength. It uses the analogy of a pebble in a pond to help students visualize how sound travels in waves. The experiment section provides a hands-on example that connects the abstract concept of sound waves to a tangible observation—the bouncing salt. This helps students understand how waves can transfer energy and cause objects to move. The multiple-choice questions are structured to assess a range of cognitive skills, from simple recall (DOK 1) to inferential thinking (DOK 2) and practical application (DOK 3). This lesson plan aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and provides a comprehensive approach to teaching the properties of waves.
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Sound Waves and Vibrations
All sounds begin with something moving back and forth quickly. This movement is called a vibration. When you pluck a guitar string, hit a drum, or talk, something vibrates. These vibrations push against the air around them, causing tiny air particles to move. The moving air particles push against others, creating a sound wave that travels through the air.
Think of sound waves like invisible ripples. When you drop a stone into a pond, you see waves spreading out. In the same way, when something vibrates, it makes ripples in the air that spread out until they reach your ear.
When the sound wave reaches your ear, it makes your eardrum vibrate. Your eardrum is a thin piece of skin inside your ear. These vibrations travel to your brain, which understands them as sound.
Sound waves have special properties. Frequency is how many times something vibrates each second. Higher frequency means a higher pitch, like a whistle. Lower frequency means a lower pitch, like a drum. Amplitude is how big the vibrations are. Bigger amplitude makes a louder sound. Smaller amplitude makes a softer sound.
Sound can travel through different materials. It usually travels through air, but it can also move through water (like when whales sing) or solids (try putting your ear on a desk and tapping it). However, sound can't travel through nothing. Space is silent because there is no air or other material for sound waves to move through.
Musical instruments make sound in special ways. Guitars use vibrating strings. Flutes and trumpets use columns of vibrating air. Drums use vibrating surfaces. Each instrument vibrates at different frequencies to make different notes.
Interesting Fact: Whales can communicate with each other across miles of ocean using sound waves that travel through water!
What starts all sounds?
VibrationsElectricityLightHeat
What does frequency affect?
PitchColorShapeSpeed
What does amplitude control?
LoudnessTasteTemperatureSize
What happens if you pluck a rubber band?
It vibrates and makes soundIt gets hotterIt changes colorIt grows
Where does the sound wave go after your eardrum vibrates?
To your brainTo your noseTo your stomachTo your eyes
Can sound travel through space?
No, there is no airYes, easilyOnly if it's loudOnly with music
Sound waves are like ripples in a pond.
TrueFalse
What word means 'how high or low a sound is'?
PitchFrequencyVibrationAmplitude
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