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What Is the Difference Between Magma and Lava? — Reading Comprehension

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MS-ESS2-3
MS-ESS3-2
RST.6-8.4

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This educational reading passage explains the critical difference between magma and molten rock beneath Earth's surface and lava that has erupted onto the surface. Written with easy comprehension (appropriate for middle school), the passage uses relatable comparisons to help students understand volcanic processes. The content aligns with NGSS standard MS-ESS2-3 (Earth's Systems) by exploring how materials within Earth's systems are changed through natural processes. The passage covers key concepts including: how magma forms in the mantle and crust, what happens when magma reaches the surface and becomes lava, different types of igneous rocks that form based on cooling rates, and why understanding these differences matters for scientific predictions. The accompanying 8 multiple-choice questions assess student comprehension of main ideas, vocabulary, and key details in alignment with Common Core Reading Informational Text standards. This resource serves as an excellent introduction to volcanic processes within the broader context of plate tectonics and Earth's internal systems."

CONTENT PREVIEW

Magma underground, lava erupting from volcano with ash cloud. — Magma stays underground; lava erupts and flows on Earth's surface.

Have you ever wondered what the difference is between magma and lava? Many people use these words as if they mean the same thing. But to scientists who study volcanoes, these terms describe the same material at different stages.

Magma: The Underground Molten Rock

Magma is hot, melted rock that flows deep under the Earth's surface. It forms when rock gets so hot that it melts into a thick, flowing substance. This happens in the upper part of Earth's mantle and in the lower part of the crust.

Magma contains not only melted rock but also dissolved gases and some solid crystal pieces. These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. The temperature of magma ranges from 1,300°F to 2,400°F (700°C to 1,300°C.. That's hot enough to melt metal!

Magma moves upward through cracks in the Earth's crust because it is less dense than the solid rock around it. Think about how a beach ball rises to the surface when pushed underwater - magma rises in a similar way.

Lava: Magma That Reaches the Surface

When magma finally breaks through the Earth's surface, we call it lava. The key difference is simple: magma is underground, and lava is above ground.

Once magma becomes lava, it starts to cool and lose its gases. The gases bubble out, much like when you open a can of soda. This is why many volcanic eruptions are explosive.

Lava can flow quickly or slowly depending on its makeup. Some lava is thin and runny like honey, while other lava is thick and sticky like peanut butter. The runny type can flow for miles before cooling, but the sticky type doesn't get far before it hardens.

How Lava Changes as It Cools

As lava cools, it forms different types of rock based on how fast it solidifies. Fast-cooling lava forms a dark rock called basalt. Slow-cooling lava may form lighter-colored rocks like andesite or rhyolite.

When lava cools very quickly - like when it erupts into the ocean - it can form volcanic glass called obsidian. This black, shiny rock breaks with very sharp edges.

The surface of a lava flow often cools first, creating a hard crust while the inside stays hot and keeps flowing. This can form interesting shapes like ropy "pahoehoe" lava or rough, blocky "aa" lava (pronounced "ah-ah").

Key Points to Remember:

● Magma is melted rock below Earth's surface

● Lava is magma that has erupted onto Earth's surface

● Both are extremely hot melted rock

● Lava forms different rocks depending on how it cools

● Scientists study both to understand and predict volcanic activity

Understanding the difference between magma and lava helps scientists predict volcanic eruptions. By studying the properties of magma underground, they can better understand what might happen when it becomes lava on the surface.

Fun Fact: The world's longest recorded continuous lava flow occurred in Hawaii, when Kilauea Volcano erupted for a staggering 35 years (1983-2018)! While the magma remained hidden underground throughout this period, the resulting lava flows added over 875 acres of new land to the Big Island.

What is the main difference between magma and lava?

TemperatureLocationGas contentPhysical state

According to the passage, why does magma move upward through the Earth's crust?

Pressure from belowGas expansionLower densityEarthquake cracks

What is the main idea of the passage?

Volcanic hazardsPredicting eruptionsMagma vs. lava differencesRock formation processes

Based on the passage, which statement about lava is TRUE?

Flows at uniform speedAlways more dangerousForms different rocksQuickly loses heat

In the passage, what does the word "dissolved" mean in the phrase "dissolved gases"?

Broken downMixed into liquidReleased into airTransformed chemically

The passage compares some lava to "honey" and other lava to "peanut butter." What characteristic is being described?

TemperatureColorTravel distanceThickness/flow rate