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Augustus — Reading Comprehension

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This comprehensive passage explores the life and legacy of Augustus, Rome's first emperor, who transformed the Roman Republic into a powerful empire. Students will learn about Augustus's rise to power, his political reforms, the significance of the Pax Romana, and his lasting influence on world history. The passage includes primary source references, analysis of cause-and-effect relationships, and discussion of social hierarchy and daily life in Ancient Rome. Activities support historical thinking, ELA, and social studies standards, such as CA HSS 6.7 and CCSS RH.6-8.2. Spanish translations and read aloud audio are provided for accessibility. The lesson is designed for deep analysis and includes a glossary, comprehension quiz, writing prompts, graphic organizers, and a timeline for a complete, rigorous learning experience.

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Augustus, Emperor of Rome. Line engraving, after A. Sadeler after Titian — "Augustus, Emperor of Rome" / Europeana, licensed under CC BY.

Augustus, originally known as Gaius Octavius, became Rome's first emperor in 27 BCE and fundamentally changed the history of the ancient world. Born in 63 BCE, Augustus was the adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE, Augustus used both political skill and military power to defeat his rivals, including Mark Antony and Cleopatra, and gained control over Rome. This victory ended a period of violent civil war and uncertainty in the Roman Republic.

Augustus understood that Rome needed stability. He reorganized the government, creating a new system called the Principate, which kept the outward appearance of the old Republic but gave real authority to the emperor. By holding titles such as "Princeps," meaning "first citizen," Augustus avoided calling himself king, which Romans distrusted. According to ancient historian Suetonius, Augustus claimed to have "found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble." Archaeological evidence, such as the restoration of temples and construction of monuments like the Ara Pacis, supports these claims. The Senate, once the main governing body, still existed but now had much less power. Augustus also reformed the Roman army, creating a permanent, professional force loyal directly to him.

One of Augustus's greatest achievements was bringing about the Pax Romana, or "Roman Peace." This was a long period—over 200 years—of relative peace, prosperity, and expansion for the Roman Empire. Trade routes flourished, cities grew, and Roman law brought order to many provinces. Augustus initiated building projects, improved roads, and established a fire brigade and police force for the city of Rome. He promoted traditional Roman values and passed laws to strengthen families and encourage moral behavior. Coins, inscriptions, and public records from this era show the ways Augustus shaped Roman society and identity.

However, Augustus's rule also marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of imperial rule. Power became concentrated in one man, and future emperors would inherit this authority. Social hierarchy remained strict, with patricians and plebeians still divided by wealth and privilege. Yet, Augustus's reign allowed for greater stability and a sense of unity throughout the vast Roman world.

Augustus's leadership transformed Rome from a divided republic into a powerful empire that influenced later civilizations in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The legacy of his reforms and the peace he established can still be seen in art, architecture, and government systems today.

Augustus's story connects to broader themes in world history, such as the rise and fall of empires, the role of leadership, and the impact of government change on societies.

Interesting Fact: Augustus was so respected that the month of August is named after him.

Who was Augustus's famous adoptive father?

Julius CaesarMark AntonyCleopatraSuetonius

What year did Augustus become emperor?

27 BCE44 BCE31 BCE63 BCE

Which period did Augustus help create?

Pax RomanaMiddle AgesGreek Golden AgeIron Age

Why did Augustus avoid calling himself king?

Romans distrusted kingsHe disliked the wordIt was illegalHis army objected

What effect did Augustus's reforms have?

Brought stability and peaceStarted new warsWeakened the empireEnded Roman law

What did Augustus's building projects show?