Ancient Law Codes: Hammurabi to Rome — Reading Comprehension

Throughout ancient history, civilizations developed law codes to organize society and establish order. Two of the most important ancient law codes were the Code of Hammurabi in Mesopotamia and the Twelve Tables in Rome. These systems shaped the way people lived, solved disputes, and set expectations for justice.

The Code of Hammurabi, created around 1754 BCE in Babylon (in modern-day Iraq), is one of the earliest known sets of written laws. King Hammurabi ordered these laws to be carved into a tall stone pillar, or stele, so everyone could see the rules. The code contained 282 laws, covering topics like trade, marriage, theft, and punishment. For example, one law stated, “If a builder constructs a house and it collapses, causing death, the builder shall be put to death.” This shows the seriousness of personal responsibility in Babylonian society. The code was based on the idea of “an eye for an eye,” meaning punishments were meant to fit the crime. However, these punishments were not equal for everyone. Social hierarchy played a big role; nobles, commoners, and slaves received different penalties for the same offense.

The Twelve Tables were created in Rome around 450 BCE after demands from Roman citizens for more transparent laws. Before the Twelve Tables, Roman law was mostly unwritten and controlled by the patrician class. The new written laws were displayed in the Roman Forum, so both nobles and plebeians (common citizens) could see them. The Twelve Tables covered property, crime, family, and civil rights. For instance, one table stated that anyone who broke another person’s bone must pay a fine, rather than face a brutal punishment. This shows a shift toward penalties based on compensation. The creation of the Twelve Tables was a key step toward citizenship rights and greater fairness in Roman society.

Comparing these two systems shows both change and continuity in history. Both Hammurabi’s Code and the Twelve Tables made laws public and tried to organize society, but their approaches differed. Hammurabi’s laws were strict and unequal, reflecting a rigid social hierarchy, while the Romans’ system slowly became more flexible and focused on property and civil rights. Geography influenced each system: the rivers and cities of Mesopotamia required strict rules for trade, while Rome’s expanding city-state structure led to more complex laws.

Law codes like Hammurabi’s and the Twelve Tables had a significant impact on daily life, government, and future legal systems. They provided examples for later societies, including modern legal traditions. By making laws visible and official, these ancient civilizations helped shape ideas about justice, order, and citizenship that still influence us today.

These developments connect to the broader study of how societies create systems to solve problems and promote fairness for their people.

Interesting Fact: The Code of Hammurabi was so important that copies of it were found far from Babylon, showing how its influence spread across the ancient world.

Who created the Code of Hammurabi?

Where was the Code of Hammurabi made?

What was the main purpose of law codes?

Why did Romans create the Twelve Tables?

How were punishments decided in Hammurabi's Code?

What did the Twelve Tables improve?

The Code of Hammurabi is still important today. True or false?

What does 'hierarchy' mean?