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First Humans — Reading Comprehension

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CA HSS 6.1
RH.6-8.1
RH.6-8.2
W.6.2

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This engaging history reading passage explores the evolution of early humans, tracing the journey from the earliest hominins to modern Homo sapiens. Students will discover key archaeological discoveries such as the famous 'Lucy' fossil and stone tools from Olduvai Gorge, as well as the geographic context of human migration out of Africa. The passage highlights changes over time, cause-and-effect relationships, and the significance of these developments for human society. Academic vocabulary is woven throughout, and students are challenged to analyze evidence and make connections like historians. Activities include a multiple-choice quiz, explanatory writing prompts, and graphic organizers to support learning. The passage is available with read aloud audio and a Spanish translation. Aligned with CA HSS 6.1, CCSS RH.6-8.1, RH.6-8.2, and W.6.2 standards.

CONTENT PREVIEW

HOMININS-TO-HUMANS — Understanding the journey from early hominins to Homo sapiens helps us connects to broader themes in ancient history.

The story of human evolution begins in Africa over 6 million years ago with the earliest hominins, a group that includes modern humans and our ancient ancestors. Scientists have discovered fossils and stone tools that help us understand how early hominins gradually changed over time. Fossils of species such as Australopithecus afarensis, like the famous skeleton called 'Lucy' found in Ethiopia in 1974, provide evidence for how early humans walked upright. Archaeological sites, such as Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, show that early hominins began using simple stone tools around 2.6 million years ago.

As time passed, new species of hominins appeared. One important development was the emergence of Homo habilis about 2.4 million years ago. Homo habilis is often called the "handy man" because evidence shows they made and used tools for cutting and processing food. Later, Homo erectus appeared around 1.9 million years ago. Fossils found in Africa and Asia show that Homo erectus had a larger brain and a more human-like body. This species is believed to be the first to control fire and to leave Africa, spreading into Europe and Asia.

The development of larger brains and more complex tools allowed early humans to adapt to different environments. Archaeological discoveries, such as ancient hearths and cave art, show that early Homo species learned to cooperate, communicate, and hunt together. By around 300,000 years ago, modern Homo sapiens appeared in Africa. Fossil evidence from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, shows some of the earliest known examples of our species. Over thousands of years, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, eventually spreading across the globe and encountering other hominins like the Neanderthals in Europe and Denisovans in Asia.

These changes did not happen overnight. The process of evolution was gradual and sometimes involved extinction of entire species. For example, Neanderthals disappeared about 40,000 years ago, possibly due to competition or climate change. The ability to create new tools, adapt to changing environments, and develop social structures was essential for the survival of Homo sapiens. Geography played a key role, as different landscapes required new solutions for finding food, making shelter, and staying safe. The discoveries of ancient bones, footprints, and cave paintings help us piece together the daily lives of our ancestors.

Understanding the journey from early hominins to Homo sapiens helps us see how humans became the only surviving members of our family tree. These developments shaped our ability to cooperate, create culture, and transform the world around us.

This topic connects to broader themes in ancient history, such as the development of societies, adaptation to geographic environments, and the roots of technology.

Interesting Fact: The footprints of early hominins found at Laetoli, Tanzania, are about 3.6 million years old and show that our ancestors walked upright on two feet.

Where was 'Lucy' discovered?

EthiopiaMoroccoAsiaEurope

Which species controlled fire first?

Homo sapiensAustralopithecusHomo habilisHomo erectus

What do Laetoli footprints show?

Tool useUpright walkingFire makingCave painting

Why was Homo habilis called 'handy man'?

Large brainUsed fireMade toolsLived in Asia

How did bigger brains help early humans?

Helped adapt to environmentsCaused extinctionMade them slowerAttracted predators

What caused Neanderthals to disappear?

Competition or climate changeFire useMigrationNew languages