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Homo Erectus — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging history reading passage explores Homo erectus, one of the earliest human species known for its remarkable migration out of Africa. Aligned with CA HSS 6.1.1 and CCSS RI.6.1, students will analyze archaeological evidence, understand the significance of new technologies like fire, and examine how Homo erectus adapted to different environments. The passage features a glossary of key academic terms, a multiple-choice quiz, timeline, graphic organizers, and both English and Spanish versions to support diverse learners. Interactive activities encourage students to think like historians, connecting past migrations to broader themes of change and continuity in human history. This resource also includes a read aloud audio option, making it accessible for all learners and ideal for classroom or independent study.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Homo erectus was one of the earliest members of the human family to leave Africa, beginning a journey that changed the course of prehistory. Scientists believe that Homo erectus lived from about 1.9 million to 110,000 years ago, spreading from Africa to Asia and even parts of Europe. Fossils and stone tools found at archaeological sites provide strong evidence for their migrations and daily life.

One of the most important discoveries was at the site of Zhoukoudian, near modern-day Beijing, China. Here, archaeologists uncovered fossils of Homo erectus known as "Peking Man," along with artifacts such as stone tools and evidence of fire use, dating back over 700,000 years. In Africa, the famous "Turkana Boy" skeleton, found near Lake Turkana in Kenya, is the most complete Homo erectus skeleton ever discovered. These findings help us reconstruct the physical characteristics, behaviors, and adaptations of Homo erectus.

Homo erectus was different from earlier hominins because of its advanced technology and larger brain size. They created more complex tools, such as hand axes, and were one of the first species to control fire. The ability to use fire gave them many advantages: it offered warmth, protection from predators, and allowed them to cook food, making nutrients easier to digest. This technological leap helped Homo erectus survive in a wide range of environments, from African savannas to cold Eurasian forests. Archaeological evidence, such as tools and hearths, shows how they adapted to different geographic regions and climates.

The migration of Homo erectus out of Africa is considered a major turning point in human evolution. By moving into new territories, they encountered unique challenges and developed new survival strategies. Their spread across continents set the stage for the later evolution of Homo sapiens. Some scientists debate how quickly Homo erectus migrated and whether they interacted with other hominin species, but most agree their travels were crucial for the story of humanity.

The journey of Homo erectus shows the importance of innovation and adaptation in human history. Their ability to move into new lands, create tools, and use fire contributed to the growth of early human societies. Studying their remains and artifacts helps us understand how humans have always been resourceful and willing to explore unknown places. These themes connect to broader patterns of migration, technology, and survival in ancient history.

Interesting Fact: Some Homo erectus fossils have been found on the Indonesian island of Java, showing they crossed water and adapted to island life over 1 million years ago!

Where was Turkana Boy found?

Lake Turkana, KenyaJava, IndonesiaBeijing, ChinaEurope

What tool did Homo erectus make?

Hand axesIron swordsPotteryPaper

What major new skill did Homo erectus have?

Control of fireWritingFarmingBuilding cities

Why was fire important for Homo erectus?

It kept them warmIt gave them artIt made them fasterIt made food cold

How did migration help Homo erectus?

They adapted to new placesThey stayed in one placeThey grew crops quicklyThey invented the wheel

What is an artifact?

A tool made by humansA wild animalA type of rockA forest