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Emperor Ashoka and the Mauryan Empire — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging history reading passage explores the legacy of Emperor Ashoka and the rise and transformation of the Mauryan Empire in ancient India. Students will learn about Ashoka’s path from a powerful conqueror to a champion of Buddhism and peace, as well as the administrative and cultural innovations that shaped Indian society. The text aligns with CA HSS 6.5 and CCSS informational text standards, and includes evidence from archaeological sources like Ashoka’s edicts. Features include a glossary, differentiated version, multiple-choice quiz, writing activities, graphic organizers, and a timeline. The passage is available with read aloud audio and a full Spanish translation to support diverse learners. This resource helps students develop historical thinking, analyze cause and effect, and understand the significance of one of India’s most influential rulers.

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Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped) — "Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir आशीष भटनागर at Hindi Source: Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India, lasting from approximately 322 BCE to 185 BCE. This empire reached its height under Emperor Ashoka, who ruled from about 268 BCE to 232 BCE. Ashoka is remembered as a ruler who made dramatic changes, transforming from a fierce conqueror to a leader known for his commitment to peace and the teachings of Buddhism.

The Mauryan Empire was first established by Chandragupta Maurya in the city of Pataliputra, now known as Patna. Chandragupta, with the help of his advisor Chanakya, overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and unified much of northern India. The empire expanded rapidly, using a centralized system of administration to control its vast territories. Archaeological discoveries, such as the ruins at Pataliputra and ancient texts like the Arthashastra, provide valuable evidence of this system. The Mauryan government collected taxes, maintained roads, and supported trade across Asia.

When Ashoka became emperor, he continued the expansion of the empire. One of the most significant events was the conquest of Kalinga around 261 BCE. Ancient sources describe the Kalinga War as extremely bloody, causing the deaths of more than 100,000 people. After witnessing the suffering caused by this conflict, Ashoka experienced deep regret. According to his own edicts—inscriptions carved on pillars and rocks—Ashoka publicly expressed his remorse and declared his intention to rule through dharma, or moral law. Archaeologists have found these edicts throughout India and modern-day Pakistan, Nepal, and Afghanistan. They reveal how Ashoka used his power to spread the values of nonviolence, compassion, and religious tolerance.

Under Ashoka’s rule, the Mauryan Empire shifted in important ways. Ashoka promoted Buddhism by building stupas, supporting monasteries, and sending missionaries as far as Sri Lanka and Central Asia. He encouraged respect for all religions and tried to protect animals and the environment. The government became more focused on the well-being of its people, including social welfare programs and public works like wells and hospitals. Despite these changes, the Mauryan system of administration and social hierarchy remained strong, with officials and advisors helping to maintain order across diverse regions.

Ashoka’s reign marked a turning point in Indian history. His efforts to combine strong governance with ethical principles influenced later rulers and left a lasting impact on Indian culture. Today, symbols from Ashoka’s reign, such as the Lion Capital, are national emblems of India. The Mauryan Empire eventually declined after Ashoka’s death, but his ideas about government, religion, and society continue to be studied and respected.

This story connects to broader themes of world history, such as how leaders shape societies, how beliefs influence policy, and how empires change over time.

Interesting Fact: Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries as far as Greece and Egypt, making Buddhism one of the earliest world religions to spread outside its homeland.

Who founded the Mauryan Empire?

Chandragupta MauryaAshokaChanakyaBuddha

What city was Mauryan capital?

PataliputraKalingaDelhiVaranasi

Which war changed Ashoka’s rule?

Kalinga WarBattle of PataliputraGreek InvasionNanda Rebellion

Why did Ashoka feel regret after the Kalinga War?

Because of the violence and sufferingHe lost the warHe lost his capitalHe was forced to abdicate

What did Ashoka do to spread Buddhism?

Built stupas and sent missionariesStarted warsDestroyed templesAbandoned his empire

What was the effect of Ashoka’s edicts?

Promoted nonviolence and toleranceOrdered new warsStopped tradeBuilt palaces