Introducing KNOVA — A free reading app with curriculum-aligned passages on History & Science for Grades 3-8Learn More →

Greek Polis — Reading Comprehension

No ratings yet

Premium Resource

Grades

Rate this resource

Send Feedback / Report an Issue

About This Reader

This in-depth history reading passage explores the rise and development of the Greek polis, or city-state, a foundational concept in ancient Greek civilization. Students will learn how geography, trade, and social organization shaped city-states like Athens and Sparta. The passage includes analysis of archaeological evidence and primary sources, highlights the impact of the polis on later societies, and examines both unity and rivalry among the city-states. Activities include a multiple-choice quiz, explanatory writing prompts, a cause-and-effect graphic organizer, and a chronological development table. The resource is fully aligned with CA HSS 6.4 and CCSS RH.6-8.1 standards. Spanish translations and read-aloud audio are provided, supporting diverse learners. This passage is ideal for building historical thinking skills and deepening understanding of ancient Greece's political and cultural legacy.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Inner columns of the Propylaea of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece.
Source: Library of Congress - H.C. White Co.

The concept of the polis, or city-state, became the main form of political and social organization in ancient Greece by around 800 BCE. Unlike a single unified nation, Greece was divided into many independent city-states, each with its own government, laws, and customs. These city-states developed due to Greece's unique geography, which is filled with mountains and islands that separated groups of people from one another.

Each polis included a city and its surrounding countryside. The most important part of a city-state was usually the acropolis, a high hill where people built temples and public buildings. Below the acropolis, citizens gathered in the agora, or marketplace, which also served as a place for political discussions. Archaeological remains from Athens, such as the ruins of the Parthenon on the Acropolis, show the significance of religion and public life in daily activities. The city-state of Sparta, on the other hand, built its society around military strength and discipline, as described by ancient historians like Herodotus.

The independence of each polis led to both cooperation and conflict. City-states often competed for resources and power, resulting in wars such as the famous Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta (431–404 BCE). However, city-states could also unite, as seen when many Greeks joined forces to fight the Persian invasions in 490 and 480 BCE. Primary sources, like the writings of Thucydides, help us understand how city-states debated foreign policy and citizenship. Over time, the assembly became an important institution, especially in Athens, where citizens participated directly in government. In contrast, Sparta was ruled by a small group of elders known as the Gerousia.

Social structure in Greek city-states was typically divided into citizens, non-citizens, and slaves. Only male citizens could vote or hold office, while women, foreigners, and enslaved people had limited rights. Trade, colonization, and the exchange of ideas among city-states encouraged cultural and economic growth. Coins, pottery, and inscriptions discovered by archaeologists provide evidence of these connections. Despite their differences, the city-states shared a common language, religious beliefs, and participation in events like the Olympic Games, showing continuity in Greek culture.

The rise of the polis had a lasting impact on world history. Greek city-states developed ideas about democracy, citizenship, and government that influenced later societies, including Rome and modern democracies. The legacy of the polis reminds us how local communities can shape broader political and cultural traditions.

Learning about the Greek polis helps us understand the foundations of Western civilization and the ways geography and human choices create diverse societies. This topic connects to larger themes in ancient history, such as the development of government systems and cultural exchange.

Interesting Fact: The word "politics" comes from the Greek word polis, showing the lasting influence of Greek city-states on the language we use today.

What is a polis?

A Greek city-stateA type of governmentA Greek templeA soldier

What was the acropolis?

A high hill with templesThe main marketplaceA type of governmentA Greek army

Who could vote in Athens?

Male citizensWomenSlavesAll people

Why did city-states develop in Greece?

Geography separated groupsThey wanted to tradeThey liked democracyTo fight Persia

What was the Peloponnesian War?

A war between Athens and SpartaA trade agreementA festivalA type of government

How did city-states cooperate?

Fought together against PersiaAlways had peaceBuilt templesShared kings