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This Grade 4 physical science reading passage introduces students to the relationship between speed and kinetic energy, aligned with NGSS standard 4-PS3-2. Through concrete, relatable examples like bowling balls knocking down pins, cars moving at different speeds, and balls being thrown with varying force, students build foundational understanding of how faster-moving objects possess more energy. The passage uses side-by-side comparisons to help students observe that speed has a significant effect on energy, and that when fast-moving objects collide with other objects, they cause bigger changes than slow-moving ones. Audio-integrated features support diverse learners. The passage avoids overwhelming students with complex mathematics while establishing the core concept that increasing an object's speed dramatically increases its kinetic energy. Supplementary activities include comprehension questions, writing prompts, and graphic organizers that reinforce understanding through multiple modalities, making this abstract concept accessible to fourth-grade learners.
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A bowling ball moving fast has more kinetic energy. Pavel Danilyuk / Pexels.
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has when it is moving. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. Speed makes a big difference in how much energy something carries.
Think about a bowling ball rolling down a lane. A ball moving slowly might knock down only a few pins. But a ball moving fast knocks down all the pins with a loud crash. The fast ball has more kinetic energy, so it can do more work when it hits the pins.
You can see the same thing with a car. A car moving slowly in a parking lot barely makes a sound when it taps a shopping cart. But a car speeding on a highway has much more energy. If that speeding car hits something, it causes much more damage because it has so much more kinetic energy.
Here's something surprising: when you double an object's speed, you more than double its energy. If you throw a ball twice as fast, it has more than twice the energy. That's why a baseball thrown hard by a pitcher has so much more force than a ball tossed gently. The faster ball can knock a bat backward or sting your hand if you catch it.
Speed has a huge effect on kinetic energy. Whether it's a bowling ball, a car, or a thrown ball, the faster it moves, the more energy it carries and the bigger the changes it can make when it hits something.
What is kinetic energy?
Energy from being stillEnergy from movingEnergy from heatEnergy from light
What happens to energy when speed doubles?
Energy stays the sameEnergy doubles exactlyEnergy more than doublesEnergy decreases
Why does a fast bowling ball work better?
It is heavierIt has more kinetic energyIt is biggerIt is smoother
What happens when a speeding car hits something?
Nothing happensIt bounces backIt causes more damageIt slows down gently
Why does a hard-thrown baseball sting your hand?
It is too heavyIt has more kinetic energyIt is too coldIt is too big
Which has less kinetic energy?
A fast car on highwayA slow car in parking lotA speeding bowling ballA hard-thrown baseball
Faster objects always have more kinetic energy.
TrueFalse
Which word means moving very fast?
KineticSpeedingForceEnergy
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