Latin American Independence — Reading Comprehension

The Latin American Independence Movements of the 19th century were a series of revolutions that ended centuries of colonial rule by Spain and Portugal in Central and South America. These movements changed the political map of the Americas and gave birth to new nations. Key leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín became symbols of the struggle for sovereignty and freedom.

One major cause of the independence movements was the influence of Enlightenment ideas, which emphasized liberty and equality. The American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789) inspired people in Latin America to demand their own rights. Social structure also played a role: Latin American society was divided into classes, with creoles (people of European descent born in the Americas) often excluded from top positions by Spanish-born peninsulares. This inequality created widespread resentment. Additionally, Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808 weakened Spanish authority, creating an opportunity for revolutionaries.

Simón Bolívar, known as “El Libertador,” led campaigns in present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia between 1810 and 1825. In a famous letter from Jamaica (1815), Bolívar wrote about the desire for freedom and unity among Latin Americans. José de San Martín led armies across the Andes Mountains from Argentina into Chile and Peru, using geography to surprise and defeat Spanish forces. The crossing of the Andes in 1817 is considered one of the greatest military feats in history. Primary sources, such as Bolívar’s speeches, show the determination and vision of these leaders.

The process of independence was not easy. Many battles were fought, and there were divisions among revolutionary groups. Indigenous peoples, enslaved Africans, and people of mixed heritage (like mestizos and mulattoes) also played important roles, though their voices are less often heard in historical records. Over time, most colonies gained independence: Mexico in 1821, Gran Colombia (now several modern countries) in 1821, and Brazil in 1822. However, many new nations continued to face challenges with governance and social inequality.

The Latin American Independence Movements were significant because they ended colonial rule and created new countries. They also inspired future struggles for equality and justice. These events connect to broader world history themes, such as the spread of revolutionary ideas and the impact of geography on human societies.

Interesting Fact: Simón Bolívar is one of the few people in history to have a country named after him—Bolivia!

Who was known as El Libertador?

Which country was named after Bolívar?

When did Mexico gain independence?

Why did creoles resent peninsulares?

How did geography influence San Martín’s campaign?

Who inspired Latin Americans to seek freedom?

Simón Bolívar led campaigns in Asia. True or false?

What does 'sovereignty' mean?