Spread of Buddhism to China and Japan — Reading Comprehension

Buddhism began in ancient India around the 5th century BCE with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who became known as the Buddha. Over time, Buddhism became one of the world’s major religions. Its journey from India to China and Japan is a powerful example of cultural diffusion, the process by which beliefs and practices spread between societies.

The spread of Buddhism started as early as the 1st century CE, when traveling monks and traders carried Buddhist ideas along the Silk Road. The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that connected India, Central Asia, and China. Archaeological evidence, such as Buddhist statues and cave paintings found at Dunhuang in China, shows that Buddhist communities were active along these routes. Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, and the first Chinese Buddhist temples were built during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). Emperors such as Ming of Han even sent envoys to India to learn more about Buddhist teachings, according to ancient sources.

As Buddhism established itself in China, it began to adapt to local beliefs like Confucianism and Daoism. Monasteries became centers of learning, art, and charity. Buddhist monks played key roles in translating texts, creating art, and advising rulers. The famous monk Xuanzang traveled to India in the 7th century to collect scriptures, a journey recorded in both historical texts and artwork. The religion’s influence reached society at many levels, from royal courts to common people. Some dynasties, such as the Tang (618–907 CE), supported large-scale construction of Buddhist temples and statues, like those at the Longmen Grottoes.

Buddhism arrived in Japan around the 6th century CE, brought by envoys and monks from Korea and China. The Japanese court adopted Buddhist rituals and sponsored temple building, such as the famous Hōryū-ji temple. Over time, Japanese Buddhism developed its own schools, like Zen and Pure Land, blending Indian, Chinese, and native traditions. Buddhist art, stories, and values became central to Japanese society, affecting everything from government to daily life.

The journey of Buddhism from India to China and Japan demonstrates the power of cultural exchange. The religion changed as it moved, adapting to local cultures and shaping new societies. This process not only transformed spiritual life but also influenced art, education, and social organization across East Asia.

This movement of ideas connects to the broader themes of ancient history, such as trade, cultural interaction, and the ways societies change over time.

Interesting Fact: The oldest wooden building in the world, Hōryū-ji in Japan, was originally built as a Buddhist temple in the 7th century CE.

Who founded Buddhism?

What is the Silk Road?

Which dynasty built early Buddhist temples in China?

Why did Buddhism change in China?

How did Buddhism arrive in Japan?

What is one effect of Buddhism’s spread?

Buddhism blended with local cultures. True or false?

What does 'dynasty' mean?