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The Hajj Pilgrimage — Reading Comprehension

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This comprehensive history reading passage explores the origins, development, and significance of the Hajj pilgrimage in the ancient Middle East. Students will learn how the Hajj shaped social, religious, and economic life in the Islamic world, as well as its role in connecting diverse peoples across Africa, Asia, and Europe. The passage is aligned to CA HSS 6.2 and CCSS RH.6-8.1, ensuring rigorous content and skill development. Included are a Spanish translation, differentiated simplified version, glossary, quiz, writing prompts, graphic organizers, and a timeline of key historical developments. Read aloud audio and vocabulary support make this resource accessible and engaging for all learners.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage arc.pp 0211.04 — "Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage" by Khalili Collections / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The Hajj is an annual religious journey that brings millions of Muslims from around the world to the city of Mecca in present-day Saudi Arabia. The Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, meaning it is a major religious duty for Muslims who are physically and financially able. Every year, during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah, pilgrims gather to perform a series of rituals that have remained largely unchanged since the 7th century CE, when Islam was founded.

The origins of the Hajj can be traced back to the life of the Prophet Muhammad, but it also draws on much older traditions connected to Abraham (Ibrahim in Arabic), a figure important in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to Islamic tradition, Abraham and his son Ishmael built the Kaaba, a cube-shaped building in Mecca, as a house of worship dedicated to one God. Archaeological evidence and early Islamic writings, such as the accounts of Ibn Ishaq, describe how the Hajj was practiced in various forms even before Islam, although its meaning and rituals were changed and unified by Muhammad in the 7th century CE.

The Hajj rituals include walking around the Kaaba seven times, running between the hills of Safa and Marwa, standing in prayer at the plain of Arafat, and other symbolic acts. These rituals are meant to show unity among Muslims and to remember the experiences of Abraham, Hagar, and Ishmael. The journey is both spiritual and physical, requiring preparation, travel, and endurance. By the 10th century CE, the Hajj had become an organized annual event with established routes, resting places, and marketplaces. Caravans traveled from distant regions such as North Africa, Persia, and even Spain, making Mecca a center of trade and cultural exchange.

The impact of the Hajj on the Muslim world was profound. It brought together people from many different cultures, languages, and social backgrounds, creating a sense of shared identity and belonging. The economic benefits were also significant, as Mecca became a hub for merchants and travelers. Over time, Islamic rulers, such as the Abbasids and Ottomans, invested in roads, security, and public works to support the Hajj. This helped spread ideas, technologies, and artistic styles across the Islamic world. While the core rituals have remained constant, the Hajj has adapted to changes in transportation, health, and safety over time.

In summary, the Hajj is an example of how a religious tradition can connect distant communities and shape history. It demonstrates the importance of pilgrimage in the ancient Middle East and shows how geography, belief, and human effort can work together to influence culture and society.

Interesting Fact: During the medieval period, African emperor Mansa Musa famously completed the Hajj in 1324, traveling with a caravan so large that it amazed people across the Middle East.

Where do Muslims travel for the Hajj?

MeccaMedinaBaghdadCairo

Who built the Kaaba according to Islamic tradition?

Abraham and IshmaelMuhammad and AliIsaac and JacobOmar and Uthman

When did Mansa Musa complete his Hajj?

1324 CE900 CE632 CE1492 CE

Why do pilgrims perform rituals at the Hajj?

To remember Abraham's experiencesTo worship many godsTo build new citiesTo collect taxes

How did the Hajj affect trade?

Mecca became a trade centerTrade decreased in MeccaPilgrims avoided tradingOnly local people traded

What is a cause-and-effect of the Hajj?

Pilgrimage increased unityPilgrims started warsHajj stopped cultural exchangePilgrims ignored rituals