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Acids and Bases — Reading Comprehension

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MS-PS1-2

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This comprehensive passage introduces middle school students to the essential concepts of acids and bases, aligning with NGSS standard MS-PS1-2. Students will learn how acids release hydrogen ions (H⁺) and bases release hydroxide ions (OH⁻), and how these properties affect their reactions and uses. The text explores real-world examples such as lemon juice, vinegar, baking soda, and soap, and explains the significance of neutralization reactions. Safety considerations are highlighted, and key scientific vocabulary is embedded for contextual understanding. The passage is supported by an accessible, differentiated version for struggling readers, Spanish translations, a glossary, multiple-choice questions, writing prompts, and interactive graphic organizers. Audio integration ensures accessibility for diverse learners. This resource not only builds foundational chemistry knowledge but also encourages scientific thinking about systems, cause-and-effect, and real-life applications.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Acids and bases are fundamental types of substances that shape many chemical reactions around us. The sour taste of lemon juice, the cleaning power of soap, and the fizzing reaction between vinegar and baking soda all result from the properties of acids and bases. Scientists use these observations to investigate how substances interact at the molecular level, leading to a deeper understanding of chemistry and its applications in daily life and technology.

How Acids and Bases Work
Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) when they dissolve in water. This property gives acids their characteristic sour taste and makes them react with certain metals to produce gas. For example, lemon juice and vinegar both contain acids; lemon juice contains citric acid, while vinegar contains acetic acid. Bases, on the other hand, are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Bases often taste bitter and feel slippery to the touch, like baking soda or soap. The difference in ion release is a key reason why acids and bases behave so differently and are used for various purposes, from cooking to cleaning.

Neutralization and Interactions
When an acid and a base are mixed together, a neutralization reaction occurs. In this process, the hydrogen ions from the acid combine with the hydroxide ions from the base to form water. The other parts of the acid and base form a salt. For example, when vinegar (acetic acid) is combined with baking soda (a base called sodium bicarbonate), they react to produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate (a type of salt). Neutralization reactions are important in many fields, such as medicine for treating acid reflux, agriculture for balancing soil pH, and environmental science for cleaning up spills.

Applications, Safety, and Broader Connections
Acids and bases are not just laboratory chemicals—they are essential in everyday products and technologies. Many foods, cleaners, and medicines involve acids or bases. However, strong acids and bases can be hazardous, causing burns or damage to materials, so scientists and consumers must follow safety guidelines, such as wearing gloves and goggles. The study of acids and bases contributes to the broader scientific principle that chemical properties determine how substances interact, change, and affect systems. Understanding these interactions helps society solve problems, from waste treatment to creating new materials.

Acids and bases are central to chemistry because they show how the movement of ions leads to observable changes. By studying their reactions, scientists uncover the rules that govern matter and its transformations.

Interesting Fact: Some plants, like red cabbage, contain natural indicators that change color depending on whether a substance is an acid or a base!

What do acids release when they dissolve in water?

Hydrogen ions (H⁺)Hydroxide ions (OH⁻)SaltCarbon dioxide

Which of the following is an example of a base?

Lemon juiceVinegarBaking sodaCitric acid

What happens during a neutralization reaction?

An acid and a base form water and a saltA base turns into an acidHydrogen and oxygen combine to form acidsAn acid evaporates

According to the passage, why do acids and bases act differently?

They have different colorsThey release different ions in waterThey are made in different countriesThey are both salty

What is an indicator, based on the passage?

A substance that changes color to show acidity or basicityA cleaning productA type of metalA sour liquid

Which statement best describes why safety is important when working with strong acids and bases?

They are expensiveThey can cause burns or damage materialsThey smell badThey taste sweet