Hernán Cortés and the Aztec Empire — Reading Comprehension

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Grades

Standards

D2.HIS.1.3-5
D2.HIS.2.3-5
D2.HIS.3.3-5
RI.4.3
RI.4.4
W.4.2

About This Reader

This reading passage explores the journey of Hernán Cortés and his encounter with the Aztec Empire, a pivotal moment in colonial American history. Students will learn about Cortés’s voyage from Spain, his arrival in Mexico, and the challenges he faced as he interacted with Aztec leader Moctezuma II. The text highlights key events, such as the meeting of two cultures and the eventual fall of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán. The passage uses clear, grade-appropriate language and provides a glossary of important terms for independent learning. Additional activities include a multiple-choice quiz, writing prompts, and a graphic organizer to deepen understanding. A timeline of events helps students sequence the historical narrative. This resource aligns with history and literacy standards (C3 Framework and Common Core) and includes both read aloud audio and Spanish translation, making it accessible and engaging for diverse learners. Teachers can use this passage to build foundational knowledge of explorers and early colonial encounters in U.S. history.

CONTENT PREVIEW

[Hernando Cortes, 1485-1547, full-length portrait, standing, facing right].
Source: Library of Congress

Hernán Cortés was a Spanish explorer who traveled to the land now called Mexico in 1519. He wanted to find gold and new lands for Spain. He also hoped to meet the people who lived there and learn about their way of life.

Cortés landed on the coast with about 600 men, horses, and cannons. He soon heard about a powerful empire called the Aztecs. The Aztec capital was a city named Tenochtitlán. It was built on an island in the middle of a lake. The Aztecs had large temples, busy markets, and strong armies.

Cortés wanted to visit Tenochtitlán. He marched with his men through jungles and mountains. Along the way, he met other groups of people. Some became his allies because they did not like Aztec rule. These new friends helped Cortés reach Tenochtitlán.

In November 1519, Cortés met the Aztec leader, Moctezuma II. At first, Moctezuma welcomed Cortés and gave him gifts. But soon, there was tension between the Spanish and the Aztecs. Cortés wanted control, and the Aztecs wanted to protect their city.

Fighting broke out. Cortés and his men had guns, metal armor, and horses. The Aztecs were brave and fought hard. After months of struggle, the Spanish and their allies took over Tenochtitlán in 1521. The city was destroyed, and the Aztec Empire ended.

The meeting of Cortés and the Aztecs changed history. Spain gained new lands and riches. Many Aztec people lost their homes and lives. The Spanish built a new city on the ruins of Tenochtitlán. Today, that city is called Mexico City.

Cortés’s journey shows how explorers can change the world. His actions had both good and bad effects. He was brave, but his choices also caused great hardship for others.

Interesting Fact: The Aztecs used floating gardens called chinampas to grow food on the lake around their city.

Who led the conquest of the Aztecs?

Hernán CortésChristopher ColumbusMoctezuma IILeif Erikson

What was the Aztec capital called?

MadridTenochtitlánLondonLima

In what year did Cortés arrive in Mexico?

1519149215211500

Why did some groups become allies with Cortés?

They liked the AztecsThey wanted goldThey disliked Aztec ruleThey needed horses

What happened after Cortés met Moctezuma II?

They became friends foreverThere was tension and fightingMoctezuma left the cityThe Spanish left Mexico

What was the effect of the Spanish conquering Tenochtitlán?