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Laozi: Founder of Daoism — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging history reading passage focuses on Laozi, the legendary founder of Daoism, and explores his teachings and their impact on ancient China. Students will learn about Laozi’s life, his philosophy of living in harmony with nature, and how Daoism influenced Chinese society, government, and daily life. The passage is aligned with California HSS 6.6.3 and CCSS RI.6.1 standards, making it suitable for middle school history classrooms. Included are a glossary of key terms, a simplified version for struggling readers, as well as Spanish translations. Multiple-choice and writing activities help students analyze cause and effect, use evidence, and understand significance. Graphic organizers and a timeline support comprehension and critical thinking. This resource also features a read aloud audio component and a public domain image with citation for classroom use.

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Representation of Laozi — "Laozi" / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

Laozi, an ancient Chinese philosopher, is widely regarded as the founder of Daoism, a major philosophical and spiritual tradition that began in China over 2,000 years ago. According to legend, Laozi lived during the sixth century BCE, though some historians debate the exact dates of his life. His teachings, collected in the famous text called the Dao De Jing, emphasize simple living and harmony with nature. Laozi’s ideas have shaped not only Chinese philosophy but also daily life, government, and art across centuries.

The core principle of Daoism is the concept of the Dao, often translated as "the Way." The Dao is seen as the natural order of the universe, a force that flows through all things. Laozi taught that people should align themselves with the Dao by practicing wu wei, or "non-action." This does not mean doing nothing, but rather acting in a way that is natural and effortless, without forcing things. Archaeological evidence, such as bamboo manuscripts found in ancient tombs, supports the early spread of Daoist ideas by the third century BCE. These texts show how Daoism influenced both the ruling class and common people.

Laozi’s teachings encouraged rulers to govern with kindness and avoid harsh laws. In the Dao De Jing, Laozi wrote, “Governing a large country is like cooking a small fish. Do not overdo it.” This suggests that leaders should not interfere too much but instead create a peaceful society. During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Daoism became one of China’s main philosophies, shaping government policies and religious practices. Rituals, temples, and even traditional Chinese medicine were influenced by Daoist beliefs. Laozi’s ideas about balance and harmony became central to Chinese thought.

Daoism also shaped daily life. People were encouraged to appreciate simplicity, spend time in nature, and seek inner peace. Daoist art often features flowing water, mountains, and clouds, symbolizing the ever-changing yet balanced world. The concept of yin and yang—the balance of opposite forces—came to represent how harmony creates a stable society. Over time, Daoism has continued to influence Chinese culture and is still practiced today.

Laozi’s legacy endures because his teachings address universal themes: balance, respect for nature, and finding peace in a changing world. By understanding the Dao, people can live happier and more meaningful lives. The spread of Daoism from ancient China to other parts of Asia demonstrates its lasting significance in world history.

Studying Laozi and Daoism helps us connect to broader themes in ancient history, such as the relationship between humans and nature, and the ways ideas shape societies.

Interesting Fact: According to one legend, Laozi left China riding a water buffalo, leaving behind the Dao De Jing as a guide for future generations.

Who is Laozi known as?

Founder of DaoismFirst Chinese emperorInventor of paperConfucian philosopher

What is Dao?

Natural orderKing's titleA type of foodA city

What is the Dao De Jing?

Main Daoist textA Chinese cityType of governmentFamous temple

Why did Laozi say rulers should not overdo it?

To have peaceful societyTo win warsTo make more moneyTo build bigger cities

How did Daoism influence daily life?

Simple living, harmony with natureStrict rulesNew citiesFarming only

What does 'wu wei' mean?

Effortless actionHard workWriting poemsLearning math