Introducing KNOVA — A free reading app with curriculum-aligned passages on History & Science for Grades 3-8Learn More →

Philip II: King of Macedoni — Reading Comprehension

No ratings yet

Premium Resource

Grades

Rate this resource

Send Feedback / Report an Issue

About This Reader

This engaging reading passage introduces students to Philip II, King of Macedon, and explores his rise to power, military innovations, and the conquest of Greece. The text covers key events, including Philip’s reforms of the Macedonian army, his diplomatic strategies, and the larger significance of his rule in shaping the ancient world. Students will learn about the impact of Philip’s actions on Greek city-states, the geographic context of Macedonia, and how his legacy set the stage for his son, Alexander the Great. The passage includes a glossary of key academic terms, a multiple-choice quiz, writing activities, graphic organizers, and a timeline. It is aligned with California HSS 6.4 and Common Core CCSS RH.6-8.1 standards. The resource provides both a rigorous and simplified reading version, read aloud audio, and Spanish translations to support all learners.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Philip II of Macedon losing his eye during the siege of Methone, 355–354 BC — The wounding of Philip II of Macedon during the siege of Methone (c. 354 BC). According to Diodorus Siculus (*Bibliotheca historica*) the king was to lose his right eye when he was hit by an arrow. Wikimedia Commons

Philip II became the king of Macedon in 359 BCE, transforming a small, often overlooked kingdom into the most powerful force in Greece. While Greek city-states like Athens and Sparta were famous for their wars and culture, Macedon was seen as less advanced. Yet, under Philip’s rule, this northern kingdom would conquer Greece and lay the foundation for an empire that changed history.

Philip II was both a skilled strategist and a master of diplomacy. He reformed the Macedonian army, introducing the phalanx formation with longer spears called sarissas. This new military tactic, described by ancient historian Diodorus Siculus, allowed Macedonian soldiers to fight more effectively than their Greek rivals. Philip also used alliances and political marriages to strengthen his position, such as marrying Olympias from Epirus, which brought him both military support and influence.

Philip’s rise was not easy. He faced threats from powerful neighbors like Illyria and internal rebellions. However, he used his army’s discipline and new tactics to defeat invaders and unite Macedonia. In 338 BCE, at the Battle of Chaeronea, Philip’s forces defeated the combined armies of Athens and Thebes. Archaeological evidence, including weapons and armor found near Chaeronea, shows how advanced Philip’s military was for the time. After this victory, he formed the League of Corinth, forcing city-states to accept Macedonian leadership while allowing them some independence.

Philip II’s rule changed the Greek world. He centralized power in Macedonia, improved roads, and encouraged the spread of Greek culture. His policies created a new era known as the Hellenistic period. Philip also trained his son, Alexander, who would later become Alexander the Great. Some ancient sources, like the speeches of Demosthenes, show that many Greeks feared Philip’s growing power. Others recognized the stability and unity he brought to a region often torn apart by war.

Philip II’s legacy continues to shape how historians understand ancient Greece. His military innovations, political skill, and ability to unify diverse peoples laid the groundwork for future empires. The story of Philip II connects to the broader theme of how strong leadership and new ideas can change societies.

Interesting Fact: Philip II lost his right eye in battle, but coins and statues often showed him with both eyes to display his power as king.

When did Philip II become king?

359 BCE338 BCE431 BCE146 BCE

Which army did Philip defeat at Chaeronea?

Athens and ThebesPersiaRomeSparta and Corinth

What weapon did Macedonian soldiers use?

SarissasShort swordsBowsShields only

How did Philip strengthen his position?

Alliances and marriagesBuilding shipsWriting booksTrading oil

What was a result of Philip’s victory?

Greek unity under MacedonGreek independenceEnd of Greek cultureSparta ruled Greece

Which source described Philip's tactics?