Teachings of Confucius — Reading Comprehension

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher whose ideas shaped society and government in ancient China. He lived from 551 BCE to 479 BCE during the late Zhou Dynasty, a period known for political instability and frequent wars between rival states. His teachings focused on creating a harmonious and orderly society by promoting respect, moral behavior, and education.

Confucius believed that every person had a role to play in society. He taught that rulers should govern by setting a good example and showing virtue, which means moral excellence. In return, people were expected to obey their leaders and follow the rules. A key concept in his philosophy is filial piety, or respect for one's parents and ancestors. Confucius argued that strong families with proper respect would lead to a stable society. He also emphasized the importance of education, saying, “Education breeds confidence. Confidence breeds hope. Hope breeds peace.”

Primary sources from the Analects—a collection of Confucius’s sayings recorded by his students—show how his ideas were passed down. For example, one passage states, “The Master said: ‘If a ruler is upright, all will go well without orders. If he himself is not upright, even though he gives orders they will not be obeyed.’” Archaeological evidence of Confucian temples and inscriptions, such as those found in Qufu (his birthplace), show how his influence spread throughout China. Over time, Confucianism became the official philosophy during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE). Government officials were selected through exams based on Confucian texts, changing how leaders were chosen.

Confucius’s teachings affected daily life and social hierarchy. Respect for elders, loyalty, and correct behavior were seen as essential virtues. His ideas also shaped relationships between rulers and subjects, parents and children, and friends. The focus on order and harmony helped unite a vast and diverse land. While other philosophies like Daoism and Legalism competed for influence, Confucianism remained central to Chinese culture for centuries, with many traditions continuing even today.

The teachings of Confucius show how ideas can shape an entire civilization. By stressing the importance of order, harmony, and respect, Confucius created a legacy that influenced not only China, but also neighboring countries like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. His philosophy helps us understand the values and beliefs that created stability in ancient societies and connects to themes of leadership, ethics, and social organization throughout history.

Interesting Fact: Confucius was the first teacher in China to open a school for students from all social classes, not just the wealthy.

When did Confucius live?

What dynasty was Confucius born in?

What is filial piety?

Why did Confucius value education?

How did Confucianism affect government?

What helped unite ancient China?

Confucius opened schools for all classes. True or false?

What does 'hierarchy' mean?