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This engaging 250-word reading passage introduces fourth-grade students to floods as natural hazards, aligned with NGSS standard 4-ESS3-2 (ESS3.B: Natural Hazards). Students learn what floods are, how they form through heavy rain and melting snow, and why they matter to communities. The passage explains different types of floods, including flash floods that happen suddenly, and describes the real-world impacts on homes, infrastructure, drinking water, and farmland. Written at a Grade 4 reading level, the passage uses simple sentences and everyday vocabulary to build foundational understanding of this important Earth science concept. The resource includes audio integration for accessibility, a simplified differentiated version for struggling readers, Spanish translations of both versions, a comprehensive glossary of key terms, multiple-choice comprehension questions, writing activities that promote critical thinking, and graphic organizers to help students visualize cause-and-effect relationships. This complete educational package supports diverse learners while ensuring all students can access core science concepts about natural hazards and their impacts on human populations and the environment.
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Katrina NewOrleans Flooded by AP Photo/U.S. Coast Guard, Petty Officer 2nd Class Kyle Niemi / Wikimedia Commons
A flood happens when water covers land that is normally dry. Floods are the most common natural hazard in the world—a dangerous natural event that can harm people and property. Understanding floods helps communities prepare and stay safe when too much water arrives.
Heavy rain is one major cause of floods. When a lot of rain falls, rivers and streams can overflow their banks. The water spills onto nearby land, covering roads, fields, and neighborhoods. Melting snow can also cause floods. When winter snow melts quickly in spring, it sends too much water downstream all at once.
Flash floods are especially dangerous because they happen suddenly. A flash flood occurs when a large amount of rain falls in a short time, like during a thunderstorm. The water rushes through streets, neighborhoods, and low-lying areas with little warning. Flash floods can happen in minutes, giving people very little time to move to safety.
Floods cause serious damage to communities. They can destroy homes and wash away roads and bridges. Floodwater often carries dirt, chemicals, and waste that contaminate—or pollute—drinking water supplies. Floods make farmland unusable by covering crops with water and mud. Even a few inches of moving water can knock a person down, making floods dangerous to anyone caught in them.
Interesting Fact: The fastest-moving floodwaters can travel at speeds up to 25 miles per hour—faster than most people can run!
What is a flood?
Water covering normally dry landA type of rainstormSnow melting in winterA river flowing downstream
What causes rivers to overflow?
Not enough rain fallingHeavy rain or melting snowPeople using too much waterWind blowing across the water
How fast do flash floods happen?
Over several weeksIn about one dayIn just minutesOver many hours
Why are flash floods dangerous?
They give little warning timeThey only happen at nightThey make loud noisesThey happen only in winter
How do floods affect drinking water?
They make it taste betterThey contaminate it with dirtThey freeze the waterThey make more water available
What can floods do to farmland?
Help crops grow fasterMake soil more fertileCover crops with water and mudCreate new planting areas
Floods are the most common natural hazard.
TrueFalse
What does 'contaminate' mean?
To make clean and pureTo make dirty or unsafeTo freeze something solidTo measure water depth
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