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Work and Energy — Reading Comprehension

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This science reading passage for grades 6-8 introduces students to the concepts of work and energy, aligned with NGSS standard MS-PS3-1. Students will learn the scientific definition of work as the result of a force applied over a distance, understand when work is done or not, and see how work transfers energy in different systems. Using everyday examples like lifting a book, pushing a box, or climbing stairs, the passage illustrates the real-world connections of these principles. Vocabulary is highlighted and explained, with content accessible for a range of readers. Activities include a multiple-choice quiz, writing prompts, and two graphic organizers to deepen understanding. The passage is audio integrated, making it accessible for diverse learners. Keywords include energy, force, distance, NGSS, science, and middle school physics.

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Illustration showing work in physics: force, distance, energy, and real-world applications. — Work in physics involves force, distance, and the transfer of energy.

Work is a key concept in science that explains how objects move and how energy changes form. In physics, work is not just about doing chores or tasks. It is defined as the result of a force applied to an object, causing it to move over a certain distance. Scientists measure work using the formula W = F × d, where W is work, F is force, and d is distance. Understanding work helps explain how energy moves and changes in the world around us.

How Work Happens: The Role of Force and Distance

For work to be done in the scientific sense, two things must happen: a force must act on an object, and the object must move in the direction of that force. For example, when you push a box across the floor, you apply a force and the box moves the same way you push. The amount of work you do depends on how hard you push (the force) and how far the box travels (the distance). If you push harder or move the box farther, you do more work. However, if you hold a book in place without moving it, even if it feels heavy, you are not doing scientific work because the book does not move. This shows that movement is necessary for work to be done.

Work and Energy: Transfer and Transformation

When work is done, energy is transferred from one object or system to another. Energy is the ability to do work. For instance, when you climb stairs, your muscles use chemical energy from food to do work against gravity, lifting your body upward. The work you do increases your gravitational potential energy—energy stored by being higher above the ground. Lifting weights in the gym is another example: you apply force to raise the weights, transferring energy from your body to the weights. This process demonstrates how work connects force, motion, and energy change.

Applications and Exceptions: More about Work

Not every action that feels tiring counts as work in science. Carrying a heavy bag across a room, for example, requires effort, but if the force you exert is upward and you move sideways, no work is done on the bag in the direction of the force. This difference is important in engineering and technology, where understanding work helps design machines that use energy more efficiently. In construction, engineers calculate the work needed to lift materials safely. Everyday tools like ramps and levers make work easier by reducing the force needed or increasing the distance over which the force is applied.

Work and energy are central to understanding motion, machines, and living systems. By defining work precisely and exploring how energy is transferred, scientists can solve problems and create new technologies that improve our lives.

Interesting Fact: The unit of work is called the joule (J), named after physicist James Prescott Joule, who helped discover how work and energy are related.

What must happen for work to be done in the scientific sense?

A force must cause an object to move in the direction of the force.Any effort or task, even if nothing moves.Only lifting objects upward.When energy is used, regardless of movement.

Which formula do scientists use to measure work?

W = F × dE = m × vF = m × aP = W / t

What kind of energy increases as you climb stairs?

Gravitational potential energyThermal energySound energyLight energy

If you hold a heavy book without moving, are you doing scientific work?

No, because the book does not move.Yes, because it feels heavy.Yes, because you use energy.It depends on the size of the book.

What does the word 'transfer' mean in the context of energy?

To move energy from one object to another.To change energy into heat.To store energy for later use.To lose energy completely.

What is the meaning of 'system' as used in the passage?

A group of interacting parts that work together.A single machine only.Any object in motion.Energy stored in a living organism.

Why is carrying a bag sideways not considered work in science?

The force and movement are in different directions.It feels easy.The bag is not heavy.You are not using energy.

How do ramps and levers help with work?

They reduce the force needed or increase the distance over which force is applied.They make objects heavier.They decrease movement.They stop energy transfer.

Work is measured in units called joules. (True/False)

TrueFalse

If an object moves in the direction of the force, work is being done. (True/False)

TrueFalse