Arctic Tundra — Reading Comprehension

The Arctic tundra is one of the coldest and harshest environments on Earth. It is found near the North Pole, mostly in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia. The word tundra comes from a Finnish word meaning "treeless plain." This is because very few trees can grow here due to the extreme weather and soil conditions.

The climate of the Arctic tundra is known for its long, freezing winters and short, cool summers. Winter temperatures can drop as low as -34°C (-30°F). In summer, temperatures may only reach about 12°C (54°F). The ground is covered by permafrost, which is a thick layer of soil that stays frozen year-round. Only the top layer of soil thaws during summer, allowing some plants to grow.

Even though conditions are harsh, many living things have adapted to survive in the tundra. Adaptation means a change or feature that helps an organism live in its environment. For example, the Arctic fox has thick fur and can change color with the seasons—white in winter to blend in with snow, and brown in summer to match the ground. The caribou has large hooves for walking on snow and soft ground. Birds like the snowy owl have feathers that keep them warm and help them hide from predators.

Plants in the Arctic tundra are also well adapted. Most are low to the ground, such as mosses and lichens. These plants grow close together to stay warm and avoid strong winds. Some plants have special leaves that can store water, since the soil can be very dry when the ice melts. Because of the permafrost, trees cannot grow deep roots, so only small shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers are found here.

The Arctic tundra is important for the planet. It stores large amounts of carbon in its frozen soil. This helps slow down climate change. However, if the permafrost melts due to rising global temperatures, it could release more carbon into the atmosphere and speed up warming.

The animals and plants of the tundra show how life can survive in even the toughest places by using unique adaptations and working together in an ecosystem.

Interesting Fact: The Arctic tundra gets less rain each year than most deserts, making it one of the driest places on Earth—even though it looks icy and wet!

Where is the Arctic tundra located?

What is permafrost?

Which animal changes fur color seasonally?

Why can few trees grow in tundra?

What helps the tundra slow climate change?

If permafrost melts, what might happen?

The tundra gets more rain than deserts.

What does 'adaptation' mean?