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How Climate Change Affects Weather — Reading Comprehension

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MS-ESS3-5

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This middle school science passage explores how and why weather patterns are changing globally. Students will learn about increased extreme precipitation events like 'rain bombs,' more frequent droughts, and shifting flood zones. The passage explains mechanisms such as warmer air holding more moisture, and how warmer oceans fuel stronger hurricanes. It introduces the concept of attribution science, which helps scientists determine whether climate change has made certain weather events more likely or severe. Real-world examples from the southwestern and southeastern US, South Asia, and other regions are used to illustrate these changes. The passage connects to NGSS standard MS-ESS3-5, providing key vocabulary and multiple activities to support deep understanding. Audio integration and graphic organizers make the content accessible for all learners. This resource is ideal for grades 6-8 and helps students analyze the causes and effects of global weather changes.

CONTENT PREVIEW

NOAA Satellites Monitor Severe Weather Outbreak AirMass — NOAA Satellites Monitor Severe Weather Outbreak by NOAA / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

Weather patterns are shifting worldwide, bringing new challenges to people and the environment. In recent years, scientists have observed more intense rainfall events, longer droughts, and stronger storms in many regions. These changes are not random; they are linked to rising global temperatures and increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Understanding these shifts helps us prepare for and respond to changing conditions on Earth.

Changing Precipitation and Extreme Events
Warmer air can hold more moisture, leading to heavier precipitation when storms occur. This results in more frequent and intense rainfall, sometimes called “rain bombs.” These are sudden, highly localized downpours that can cause severe flooding in a short time. For example, the southeastern United States and parts of South Asia are experiencing increased flooding as wet areas get wetter. In contrast, regions like the southwestern US, Mediterranean, and sub-Saharan Africa are seeing more severe and prolonged droughts, where rainfall is below normal for extended periods. This shift, sometimes called “weather whiplash,” can mean rapid swings between very wet and very dry conditions in the same place.

Storms, Snowfall, and Attribution Science
Hurricanes are also changing. Warmer oceans provide more energy, making hurricanes likely to become stronger and carry more moisture. As a result, storms can drop more rain and move more slowly, leading to greater damage in areas they “stall” over. Snowfall patterns are shifting too. Warmer temperatures cause more precipitation to fall as rain instead of snow, and snow that does fall often melts earlier in the spring. Scientists use attribution science to study whether climate change has made specific events, like 100-year floods, more likely or severe. In fact, these so-called “100-year floods” are happening much more frequently than in the past.

Systems, Impacts, and Broader Connections
These weather changes are part of larger Earth systems, where the atmosphere, oceans, and land all interact. For instance, more intense storms can damage crops, homes, and infrastructure, while extended droughts can reduce water supplies and harm food production. Understanding the mechanisms behind these changes allows scientists and communities to predict risks and develop better responses, such as improved flood control or drought-resistant crops. Studying weather pattern changes also reveals how human activities, like burning fossil fuels, play a role in shaping the planet’s climate system.

By recognizing these patterns and the science behind them, societies can better adapt to a changing world. Solutions may include building stronger infrastructure, improving early warning systems, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow down future changes.

Interesting Fact:
Some cities are now experiencing “100-year floods” every decade, showing how rapidly weather risks are increasing in some places.

What is one main reason why weather patterns are changing globally?

Rising global temperatures and more greenhouse gasesChanges in the Earth's gravityDecreased sunlight reaching the surfaceMovement of the continents

What is a 'rain bomb'?

A sudden, intense downpour causing local floodingA device used to make it rainA weather prediction modelA drought that lasts for years

Which areas are experiencing more frequent droughts?

Southwestern US, Mediterranean, sub-Saharan AfricaSoutheastern US and South AsiaThe Arctic OceanCentral Europe

What does 'weather whiplash' mean?

Rapid changes between wet and dry weather in one placeA type of hurricaneA very hot summerA flood caused by snowmelt

What is the main effect of warmer oceans on hurricanes?

They become stronger and wetterThey move much fasterThey become smallerThey cause less rain

In the context of the passage, what does 'attribution science' mean?

Studying if climate change made a specific event more likely or severeNaming hurricanesPredicting the weather for next weekMeasuring wind speed