The Grange Movement — Reading Comprehension

The Grange Movement began in the late 1860s as a response to serious problems facing American farmers. After the Civil War, many farmers in the Midwest and South struggled with falling crop prices, rising debt, and unfair treatment from powerful railroad companies. The railroads often charged high freight rates, making it difficult for farmers to earn a profit. Additionally, many rural communities lacked access to schools, libraries, and other services available in cities.

In 1867, Oliver Hudson Kelley and six other men founded the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, known simply as the Grange. Their goal was to improve the lives of rural Americans through cooperation and education. Grange members believed that by working together, farmers could protect their interests and gain a stronger voice in society. The organization quickly spread across the United States, attracting men and women from different backgrounds. One reason for its popularity was that it offered social events and practical support, helping to reduce the isolation of farm life.

The Grange used several strategies to solve farmers' problems. They established cooperatives to buy supplies in bulk and sell crops together, which helped lower costs and increase profits. The Grange also worked to influence state governments to regulate railroad rates. In 1874, a Grange leader wrote, "We ask that the power of monopoly be broken, and that the people have a chance to compete." This primary source demonstrates the Grange's desire for economic fairness and government action.

However, the Grange faced opposition from railroad companies and some politicians who argued that regulation would hurt business. Many urban Americans did not understand the challenges of rural life or see the need for reform. Despite these obstacles, the Grange succeeded in pressuring several states to pass "Granger Laws" in the 1870s, which set limits on railroad and grain elevator charges. The Supreme Court later ruled on these laws, sometimes supporting and sometimes limiting state power, showing the complex balance between business and public interest.

The Grange Movement had lasting effects. Although its influence declined in the 1880s, it inspired other farmers' organizations, such as the Farmers' Alliances and the Populist Party. These groups continued the fight for government regulation and rural rights into the Progressive Era. The Grange also helped promote education and civic participation in rural areas, leaving a legacy of community improvement and political activism.

The Grange Movement reveals the power of collective action to address economic and social problems. It also shows the difficulties in balancing private business interests with public needs. By examining the perspectives of both farmers and their opponents, historians can better understand the challenges faced by rural Americans and the development of reform movements in U.S. history.

Interesting Fact: The Grange was one of the first national organizations in the U.S. to give women full membership and leadership roles.

When was the Grange founded?

Who was a founder of the Grange?

What did Granger Laws regulate?

Why did farmers form cooperatives?

What was one result of the Grange Movement?

What does the quote from 1874 show?

The Grange gave women leadership roles. True or false?

What is a monopoly?