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African American Soldiers in Civil War — Reading Comprehension

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D2.HIS.2.3-5
D2.HIS.3.3-5
RI.4.3
RI.4.4
W.4.2

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This engaging history reading passage examines the pivotal role African American soldiers played in the American Civil War following the Emancipation Proclamation. Students will learn how nearly 180,000 African American men joined the Union Army, faced significant discrimination, and demonstrated remarkable courage and service. The text addresses the complexities of military life for these troops, including unequal pay, prejudice, and the struggle for recognition. Designed for upper elementary and middle school students, this resource supports historical inquiry and critical thinking by modeling the use of evidence and historical reasoning. The passage is accompanied by glossary terms, multiple-choice questions, a writing activity, differentiated versions for accessibility, and a Spanish translation. Aligned to HSS 8.10.6 and CCSS.RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.2, this history reading resource also includes a read aloud audio option and graphic organizers to deepen students’ comprehension.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters Wikimedia Commons

The participation of African American soldiers in the Civil War marked a turning point in American history. Following the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, nearly 180,000 African Americans enlisted to serve in the Union Army. These men joined segregated regiments and played a crucial role in the Union’s victory, despite facing serious challenges and discrimination.

At the beginning of the war, African Americans were not allowed to fight in the Union Army. President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation changed this policy, opening the door for African American enlistment. However, even as soldiers, African Americans faced significant barriers. They were often given lower pay than white soldiers, received inferior equipment, and were sometimes assigned the most dangerous tasks, such as digging trenches or leading assaults.

Despite these obstacles, African American soldiers demonstrated extraordinary courage and determination. The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, one of the first African American units, became famous for its bravery during the assault on Fort Wagner. Although they suffered heavy losses, the 54th’s actions proved the skill and loyalty of African American troops. Their performance challenged racist beliefs that African Americans could not be effective soldiers.

Discrimination remained a persistent problem. For much of the war, African American soldiers received $10 per month—$3 less than their white counterparts. Many refused pay until it was made equal later in the war. They also faced harsher treatment if captured by Confederate forces, sometimes being sold into slavery or executed rather than treated as prisoners of war. These injustices highlighted the broader struggle for civil rights faced by African Americans during this era.

Despite these hardships, military service provided some African Americans with new opportunities and a sense of agency. Through their contributions, they helped change public opinion in the North and influenced the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States. Their service laid the groundwork for future efforts toward equality and justice.

The story of African American soldiers in the Civil War is not only about the battles they fought, but also about their fight for recognition and citizenship. Their sacrifice and perseverance helped reshape the nation’s understanding of freedom and equality. By the end of the war, their achievements had forced the country to begin reconsidering its views on race and the rights of African Americans.

Interesting Fact: Harriet Tubman, famous for her work on the Underground Railroad, also served as a spy and scout for the Union Army, supporting African American soldiers in their missions.

What year was the Emancipation Proclamation?

1863186118651850

Which regiment led the attack on Fort Wagner?

54th Massachusetts20th Maine1st Texas7th New York

How much were African American soldiers paid per month?

$10$7$13$20

Why did some African American soldiers refuse pay?

Unequal payNo uniformsRefused to fightWanted shorter service

What impact did African American soldiers have?

Changed public opinionWon every battleEnded the Civil War aloneFormed Confederate Army

What did their service influence?

Thirteenth AmendmentDeclaration of IndependenceBill of RightsMissouri Compromise