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Cities in Colonial America — Reading Comprehension

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HSS 5.4.6
8.1
RI.6-8.1
RI.6-8.7

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This engaging U.S. history reading passage explores the rise of colonial American cities such as Boston, Philadelphia, and New York. Students will learn how these cities became centers of commerce, attracting people from diverse backgrounds and creating both prosperity and poverty. The passage explains the process of urbanization, the challenges faced by city dwellers, and the social inequalities that emerged. Designed for middle schoolers, it integrates key academic vocabulary, a glossary, reading comprehension quiz, writing activities, graphic organizers, and Spanish translations. It also provides a differentiated simplified version to support learners at all levels. This resource aligns with HSS 5.4.6, 8.1 and CCSS RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.7, making it ideal for classroom or independent study. Features include read aloud audio, evidence-based analysis, and opportunities to practice critical thinking. Teachers and students can deepen their understanding of the complexities of colonial urban life and the lasting impact of these early cities on American society.

CONTENT PREVIEW

New York from tower of Brooklyn Bridge.
Source: Library of Congress

During the colonial era, cities like Boston, Philadelphia, and New York became major centers of commerce in North America. Their location along the Atlantic coast allowed ships to travel easily, bringing in goods and people from Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean. The process of urbanization—the growth of cities—transformed these areas from small settlements into busy urban hubs. As more colonists arrived seeking opportunity, these cities quickly expanded, developing new neighborhoods and bustling marketplaces.

Economic activity in these cities was driven by trade, which made some residents very wealthy. Merchants controlled shipping, imported goods, and managed warehouses, becoming some of the most influential people in colonial society. Their prosperity enabled them to build grand homes and participate in local government. However, not everyone benefited equally. Many workers, such as dock laborers, artisans, and servants, lived modestly and struggled to support their families. Poverty was a persistent problem, especially as populations grew faster than jobs or housing could keep up.

The contrasts between rich and poor were visible in the layout of the cities. In Boston, for example, wealthy families often lived near the harbor in large houses, while the urban poor crowded into small alleys or rented rooms. Philadelphia became known for its carefully planned streets, yet social divisions were clear: the city’s founders hoped for equality, but economic realities made that difficult. New York’s diverse population included Dutch, English, African, and other communities, each facing unique opportunities and challenges within the city’s social structure.

Urban growth also brought new problems. Overcrowding led to poor sanitation, which sometimes caused disease outbreaks. The arrival of immigrants and enslaved Africans increased the population’s diversity but also led to tensions and competition for work. City leaders tried to address these issues with new regulations and public services, such as fire brigades and marketplaces, but solutions were often limited by the resources available.

Despite these challenges, colonial cities offered the promise of advancement. Schools, newspapers, and civic organizations developed, fostering a sense of community and innovation. The cities’ roles as centers of political debate and social change also set the stage for later revolutionary events. Colonial urban life was complex, marked by both remarkable energy and serious inequalities, shaping the early identity of what would become the United States.

Interesting Fact: By 1770, Philadelphia was the largest city in the American colonies, with more than 28,000 residents and one of the busiest ports in the world.

Which city was largest by 1770?

PhiladelphiaBostonNew YorkCharleston

What did merchants do?

Traded goodsBuilt roadsFarmed landTaught school

Which was a problem in cities?

OvercrowdingToo many farmsLack of shipsFew immigrants

Why did cities grow?

Location and tradeOnly farmingNo immigrantsNo jobs

How did wealth affect city life?

Created social divisionsMade all equalEnded tradeDecreased opportunity

What did city leaders try to fix?

Sanitation and safetyFarmingShipbuildingFishing