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Exodusters — Reading Comprehension

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HSS 8.12.1
RI.6-8.1
RI.6-8.2

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This passage explores the migration of Exodusters—African Americans who left the South in the 1870s to escape discrimination and violence—during the era of Westward Expansion. Students will analyze the causes, challenges, and impacts of this migration as Exodusters established communities in Kansas and other western territories. The content is aligned with HSS 8.12.1 and CCSS.RI.6-8.1, focusing on historical reasoning and evidence-based analysis. The passage includes a glossary, differentiated and Spanish versions for accessibility, graphic organizers, and comprehension activities. This is a history reading passage with read aloud audio and Spanish translation, making it accessible for diverse learners. Students will be challenged to think critically about the Exodusters' journey and their role in shaping American history.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"The Little Ida".
Source: Library of Congress - Mitchell, Neil, 1858-1934

During the late 1870s, thousands of African Americans known as Exodusters left the southern United States. They moved to the western territories, especially Kansas, in search of a better life. Their migration was a response to harsh discrimination and violence after the Civil War. Many Exodusters saw the West as a land of opportunity where they could start fresh, own land, and build safe communities.

The end of Reconstruction in 1877 led to increased violence and new laws in the South that limited African Americans' rights. These new restrictions, known as Jim Crow laws, enforced racial segregation and made life very difficult. As a result, black families faced threats, unfair treatment, and few ways to improve their economic situation. The Exodusters' exodus was both a protest against injustice and a hopeful step toward freedom.

The journey west was filled with difficulties. Most Exodusters traveled by foot, wagon, or train, carrying only what they could. Conditions were rough, and many lacked enough money or supplies. Some encountered dishonest land agents or faced hostility from local populations along the way. Still, the promise of land ownership and independence inspired these migrants to persevere.

Upon arrival in Kansas and other western areas, Exodusters often found that the land was less fertile than they had hoped. Harsh weather, lack of farming equipment, and limited resources made survival challenging. However, through hard work and cooperation, Exodusters established new towns and farms. They built schools, churches, and social organizations that supported their resilience and sense of belonging.

Exoduster communities were important symbols of determination. Their efforts to create stable lives showed their commitment to freedom and equality. The migration also had a lasting impact on the development of the American West. These African American pioneers contributed to the growing diversity and economy of Kansas and surrounding territories. Their experience revealed both the opportunities of westward expansion and the ongoing challenges of racial inequality.

Historians use documents such as letters, photographs, and land records to study the Exodusters' journey. These sources provide evidence of the obstacles and achievements the Exodusters faced. By examining these records, we gain a deeper understanding of how individuals and communities responded to historical events.

Interesting Fact: The name "Exoduster" comes from the biblical story of Exodus, symbolizing a journey from slavery to freedom. Kansas was called the "Promised Land" by some migrants because of its reputation for supporting abolition and equality.

Who were the Exodusters?

African Americans moving westEuropean settlers in the NorthNative American leadersMexican farmers

Where did most Exodusters settle?

KansasCaliforniaFloridaTexas

What was a main reason for migration?

Escape discriminationGold rushNew technologyFarming methods

What did Jim Crow laws do?

Enforced segregationAllowed voting rightsGave free landEnded the Civil War

What challenges did Exodusters face in the West?

Poor soil and few suppliesLots of goldFertile land everywhereEasy weather

How did Exodusters support each other?

Built schools and churchesFought warsMoved back southIgnored neighbors