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Election of 1876 — Reading Comprehension

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HSS 8.11.5
RI.6-8.1
RI.6-8.2

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This comprehensive history reading passage explores the Election of 1876, a pivotal moment in U.S. history that marked the end of Reconstruction and raised questions about electoral integrity. Students will learn about the disputed results between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden, the creation of a special commission, and the Compromise of 1877. The passage models historical reasoning by analyzing the causes, effects, and significance of the election's outcome. It is designed to support critical thinking and aligns with HSS 8.11.5 and CCSS.RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.2. The resource includes read aloud audio, a Spanish translation, differentiated versions for accessibility, and a variety of activities including quizzes, writing prompts, and graphic organizers. This lesson helps students master key academic vocabulary and examine how history is shaped by conflict and negotiation.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"Grand National Republican banner" by Currier & Ives. / Library of Congress.

The election of 1876 was one of the most controversial presidential elections in United States history. The main candidates were Rutherford B. Hayes, representing the Republican Party, and Samuel J. Tilden, representing the Democratic Party. This election took place during a period known as Reconstruction, when the country was recovering from the Civil War and working to rebuild the South and ensure rights for formerly enslaved people. The outcome of this election would have major consequences for the future of the nation.

On election night, it appeared that Tilden had won the popular vote and was leading in the electoral vote count. However, the results from four states—Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon—were immediately disputed. Both parties claimed victory in these states and accused each other of corruption and fraud. This created confusion and tension throughout the country, as no clear winner could be declared according to the Constitution.

To solve the crisis, Congress formed a special commission in early 1877. This commission was made up of five members from the House of Representatives, five from the Senate, and five Supreme Court justices. Their main task was to decide which candidate should receive the electoral votes from the disputed states. After weeks of heated debates, the commission voted 8 to 7 along party lines to award all the disputed votes to Hayes. This decision gave Hayes just enough electoral votes to win the presidency, even though Tilden had more popular votes.

The outcome was extremely controversial. Many Americans believed the process was unfair and that their voices had not been heard. In order to avoid further conflict, leaders from both parties reached the Compromise of 1877. Under this agreement, Democrats accepted Hayes as president. In return, Hayes promised to remove federal troops from Southern states and end Reconstruction policies. This compromise had a deep impact on the South and on African Americans, as it led to the loss of many civil rights protections.

The Election of 1876 highlights the importance of fair and transparent elections in a democracy. It shows how political disagreements can shape history and how solutions are sometimes found through negotiation and compromise rather than clear rules. The events of 1876 also remind us that every vote and every decision can affect the lives of millions.

Interesting Fact: When Hayes was finally declared president, he took the oath of office in secret at the White House before the public ceremony, due to fears of unrest.

Who won the popular vote in 1876?

Samuel TildenRutherford HayesUlysses GrantAndrew Johnson

How many states had disputed results?

ThreeFourTwoFive

What was the Compromise of 1877?

End of the Civil WarAgreement to end ReconstructionStart of ReconstructionA new election

Why was the election controversial?

Disputed votes and no clear winnerLow voter turnoutOnly one candidateNo popular vote

What did the special commission do?

Solved electoral disputeStarted a warDeclared both men winnersEnded slavery

What was one effect of the compromise?

Federal troops left the SouthTilden became presidentSlavery returnedWomen could vote