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Global Temperature Rise — Reading Comprehension

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MS-ESS3-5

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This middle school science reading passage introduces students to the science of temperature records and how direct measurements have revealed global warming trends since the late 1800s. Aligned with NGSS standard MS-ESS3-5, the passage explains the mechanisms behind temperature measurement, the use of thermometers, satellites, ships, and buoys, and the significance of the data they collect. Students will understand that Earth's global average temperature has risen by about 1.1°C (2°F) since pre-industrial times, with most of the warming occurring since 1980. The passage explores why the oceans absorb most of this excess heat, how scientists account for the urban heat island effect, and why multiple independent datasets reinforce the same warming trend. Activities include comprehension questions, vocabulary, writing prompts, and graphic organizers to deepen understanding. Audio integration supports diverse learners. This resource is ideal for grades 6-8 science classes examining human impact on Earth's systems.

CONTENT PREVIEW

WMO Global average temperature anomaly 1850 2016 — Global average temperature anomaly 1850 - 2016, World Meteorological Organization, Press Release 04/2017, 2017-03-21 by World Meteorological Organization / Wikimedia Commons

Earth’s average temperature is not constant. Over the past 140 years, scientists have noticed a clear trend: the planet is getting warmer. This is not just a guess or a feeling—it is measured and recorded. Careful observations show that, since the late 1800s, global average temperature has risen by about 1.1°C (2°F). Most of this warming has taken place since 1980, making the last two decades the warmest years on record. Understanding this trend is important for predicting future climate and preparing for its impacts.

How Scientists Measure Temperature

Scientists use many methods to track changes in Earth’s temperature. The most direct way is with thermometers at weather stations around the world. These thermometers have been collecting daily measurements since the late 1800s, providing a long-term record. However, thermometers only measure the air at specific locations. To get a global picture, scientists also use satellites that measure temperatures from space and buoys that float in the oceans. Ships also collect data as they travel. By combining all these sources—thousands of weather stations, satellites, ships, and buoys—scientists can calculate Earth’s average temperature with a high degree of accuracy. Multiple independent scientific groups analyze the data separately, but they all find the same warming trend. This agreement increases confidence in the results.

Not Just Air: Oceans and Urban Effects

About 90% of the extra heat trapped by the planet goes into the oceans. This is because water absorbs heat more effectively than air. Ocean temperatures have risen alongside air temperatures, which scientists confirm with thermometer and buoy data. As a result, marine heatwaves have become more common. Scientists also account for the urban heat island effect, which means cities are often warmer than surrounding areas due to concrete and asphalt. To avoid bias, they adjust their data to make sure warming trends are not just due to cities. This careful process ensures that the measured warming reflects changes across the entire planet, not just urban areas.

Effects and Implications of Rising Temperatures

Rising global temperatures have many consequences. Heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense, while cold snaps are less common. These changes affect ecosystems, weather patterns, and human health. The warming of the oceans can harm coral reefs and disrupt marine life. Understanding temperature records allows scientists to predict future climate changes and helps societies prepare for extreme weather events. Reliable temperature data is essential for developing policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment.

Temperature records show the importance of scientific observation, careful measurement, and global cooperation. By understanding how and why the planet is warming, people can make informed choices about the future.

Interesting Fact: The ten warmest years ever recorded have all occurred since 2010, showing how rapidly the planet is changing.

What is the main trend shown by temperature records since the late 1800s?

Earth’s average temperature is rising.Earth’s average temperature is falling.Temperatures have stayed the same.There is no clear trend.

About how much has Earth’s average temperature increased since pre-industrial times?

About 1.1°C (2°F)About 5°C (9°F)About 0.1°C (0.2°F)About 10°C (18°F)

Which tool is NOT used to measure Earth’s temperature?

ThermometerBuoySatelliteTelescope

What is the urban heat island effect?

Cities are often warmer than rural areas.Oceans are warmer than lakes.Mountains are colder than valleys.Satellites heat up in space.

What is a marine heatwave?

A time when ocean temperatures are unusually high.A strong wind over the land.A period of cold ocean water.A storm in a city.

What does the passage suggest is the main cause of the recent warming trend?