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Haudenosaunee Invent Lacrosse — Reading Comprehension

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This passage explores the rich history of lacrosse, originally known as the Creator's Game, as invented and played by the Haudenosaunee and neighboring Indigenous nations of North America. Students will learn about the game's spiritual, diplomatic, and physical significance, its role in community life, and how it has evolved into a modern sport. The text examines archaeological and primary evidence, the role of geography, and the impact of lacrosse on cultural identity. Activities include quizzes, writing prompts, graphic organizers, a timeline, and both English/Spanish versions, with audio support. Aligned to CA HSS 6.1.1, 6.2.5, 7.4.1 and CCSS RI.6.1, RI.6.3, W.6.2, this resource supports historical thinking and language arts skills.

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"[Lacrosse team]" / Library of Congress.

Lacrosse, one of the oldest team sports in North America, was invented by the Haudenosaunee, also known as the Iroquois Confederacy. The game was originally called the Creator's Game and held deep spiritual meaning. For centuries before European contact, Indigenous nations including the Haudenosaunee, Cherokee, and Ojibwe played lacrosse across the woodlands and grasslands of the continent.

The Haudenosaunee viewed lacrosse as far more than entertainment. It was a sacred activity used to resolve conflicts, strengthen alliances, and honor the Creator. Games could last for days and sometimes involved hundreds of players. Early European missionaries, such as Father Jean de Brébeuf, observed and recorded lacrosse matches in the 1630s near what is now Ontario, Canada. Archaeological discoveries of traditional wooden lacrosse sticks and carved balls provide further evidence of the game's ancient roots. Unlike the modern version, early games were played on huge fields, sometimes stretching over miles of land. Each nation had its own rules, but the primary goal was to send the ball through a goalpost using a stick with a woven net.

Lacrosse had important diplomatic and social functions. Leaders would use the game to settle disputes without violence or to build unity between different villages. Young men trained for physical strength, courage, and teamwork—skills necessary for survival and leadership. The game also served as a public celebration, with entire communities gathering to watch and participate. In some cases, matches marked seasonal changes or honored ancestors. The geography of the region influenced how lacrosse developed. Forests provided materials for sticks, and open fields made large games possible.

Over time, contact with Europeans led to changes in how lacrosse was played. By the 1800s, non-Indigenous communities in Canada and the United States began adopting and modifying the game. Rules became standardized, and lacrosse was introduced in schools and clubs. However, for the Haudenosaunee, the game remains a living tradition with spiritual and cultural importance. Today, the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team competes internationally, representing the sovereign identity of the Haudenosaunee people. The continuity of lacrosse shows the resilience of Indigenous cultures and their ability to adapt while maintaining traditions.

Lacrosse’s invention by the Haudenosaunee is a powerful example of how sports can be connected to deeper cultural and social values. The game's legacy is visible not only in its modern popularity but also in the pride and unity it brings to Indigenous communities.

This story connects to broader themes of invention, cultural exchange, and the role of geography in shaping societies throughout world history.

Interesting Fact: Early lacrosse balls were often made from deerskin stuffed with hair, while sticks were crafted from hickory wood and hand-carved by skilled artisans.

Who invented lacrosse?

HaudenosauneeEuropeansAztecsChinese

What was lacrosse originally called?

The Creator's GameThe Warrior's RaceThe Ball SportThe Peace Game

Which nation did NOT play early lacrosse?

HaudenosauneeCherokeeOjibweRomans

Why did leaders use lacrosse?

To resolve conflictsTo hunt animalsTo build housesTo farm land

What did the geography provide for lacrosse?

Materials for sticksFood for feastsGold for prizesMusic for dances

What is a result of European contact?

Lacrosse rules changedGame disappearedAll nations stopped playingFields vanished