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Native Americans and Slavery in Early America — Reading Comprehension

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D2.HIS.2.3-5
D2.HIS.3.3-5
RI.4.3
RI.4.4
W.4.2

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This comprehensive U.S. history reading passage explores the complex relationship between Native Americans and slavery during the colonial era. Students analyze the ways Native Americans experienced bondage, both as victims of European captivity and as slaveholders of African people. The passage highlights the intersections between Native, African, and European histories, examining how captivity, chattel slavery, and forced labor shaped societies. Aligned with HSS 5.4.5 and 8.7 and Common Core standards RI.6-8.1 and RI.6-8.3, the resource includes a rigorous passage, glossary, timelines, differentiated and Spanish-language versions, read aloud audio, quizzes, and graphic organizers. This lesson supports historical reasoning, critical analysis, and vocabulary development for students learning about difficult but important aspects of early American history.

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NATIVE AMERICANS AS SLAVEHOLDERS — As European Americans settled new lands, they encouraged Native nations to adopt European customs.

Native Americans played a complex role in the history of slavery in early America. While many people think of slavery as something that only involved Africans and Europeans, bondage and captivity also affected Native peoples in significant ways. From the 1600s through the 1800s, Native Americans were sometimes forced into slavery by European colonists, and in certain regions, some Native nations also owned African slaves themselves. This complex history reveals the intersection of different peoples, cultures, and systems of power.

When Europeans arrived in North America, they brought with them ideas of chattel slavery, a system in which people were treated as property that could be bought or sold. European colonists enslaved Native Americans, especially in the southern colonies and the Caribbean. Some Native captives were forced to work on plantations or shipped far from their homelands. These actions often led to the displacement of Native communities and the breakdown of traditional ways of life.

However, the relationship between Native Americans and slavery was not only one of victimization. Over time, some Native groups, such as the Cherokee, Creek, and Choctaw, adopted the practice of owning African slaves. This was partly due to European pressure to assimilate and partly a strategy for survival in a changing world. By participating in the slave economy, these nations hoped to protect their land and autonomy. Yet, this choice also created conflicts within their communities and led to complicated alliances with white settlers.

The experience of slavery for Native Americans differed from that of Africans in some ways. While Africans were often enslaved for life and their children were born into slavery, Native American slavery sometimes took the form of temporary servitude or adoption into other tribes. Still, both groups suffered violence, family separation, and loss of freedom. Over time, laws were passed that made African chattel slavery more permanent, while Native people were increasingly pushed off their lands or forced to assimilate.

Historians continue to study the legacy of these intertwined histories. The intersections of Native and African experiences of bondage remind us that the story of slavery in America is more complicated than many textbooks suggest. Recognizing these connections helps us understand the diversity of experiences and the difficult choices people faced under colonial rule.

Interesting Fact: In the early 1700s, more Native Americans were enslaved in the Carolinas than Africans. Some Native groups later became strong abolitionists, fighting against slavery in the 1800s.

Who brought chattel slavery to America?

European colonistsNative AmericansAfrican slavesFrench traders

Which Native groups owned African slaves?

Cherokee, Creek, ChoctawIroquois, Sioux, NavajoApache, Seminole, HopiMohawk, Inuit, Ojibwa

What did European slavery often cause?

Displacement of Native communitiesMore land for NativesPeaceful coexistenceEnd of African slavery

Why did some Natives own slaves?

To protect land and autonomyBecause of traditionTo end slaveryFor religious reasons

How was Native slavery different from African slavery?

Sometimes temporary or adoptedAlways for lifeOnly children enslavedNo separation of families

What is a legacy?

Lasting effects from the pastA kind of allianceA form of chattelA temporary servant