Immigration to America 1880-1920: New Wave — Reading Comprehension

Between 1880 and 1920, the United States experienced a dramatic increase in immigration. Over 23 million people arrived, seeking new opportunities in American cities and towns. This wave of newcomers changed the nation’s culture, cities, and economy in many complex ways.

The causes for this surge in migration were varied. Many immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, such as Italy, Poland, and Russia, fleeing poverty, religious persecution, and political unrest. Others arrived from Asia, especially China and Japan, hoping to escape difficult conditions and build better lives. Industrialization in the United States created a demand for labor, attracting workers willing to perform difficult and sometimes dangerous jobs in factories, mines, and railroads.

For the immigrants, the journey was not easy. Most traveled in crowded steerage sections of ships, facing poor conditions for weeks. Upon arrival at places like Ellis Island in New York or Angel Island in California, newcomers underwent strict medical checks and legal inspections. A Russian Jewish immigrant once wrote, "We were all so frightened... afraid we would be sent back," describing the anxiety many felt at the possibility of being denied entry. This quote shows the uncertainty and fear that shaped the experiences of many arrivals.

Once admitted, immigrants struggled to adapt to American society. They often settled in ethnic neighborhoods, where they could speak their native languages and maintain cultural traditions. These communities provided support but could also isolate newcomers from broader American life. Many faced discrimination and suspicion from those born in the U.S.—often called "nativists." Nativists argued that the newcomers took jobs and changed the nation's identity. In contrast, immigrants hoped to contribute to their new country and improve their lives.

Legislation reflected these conflicts. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and later quotas in the 1920s restricted immigration from certain regions. Supporters of these laws claimed they protected American workers and values. However, critics argued that such policies were unfair and targeted specific groups based on race or origin. These debates reveal the contradictions in America's self-image as a "nation of immigrants" versus a country with limits on who could join.

Despite these challenges, immigrants significantly shaped the United States. Their labor fueled industrial growth, and their cultures enriched American cities. By forming mutual aid societies and labor unions, many newcomers worked for better conditions and rights. Over time, immigrant children often blended their families’ traditions with American customs, creating a more diverse society.

Analyzing this period, it is clear that immigration brought both problems and solutions. It created tensions over jobs and identity, but it also provided the workers and ideas that helped America grow. Historians continue to debate how best to balance national interests with the rights and dreams of those seeking a new home.

Interesting Fact: At Ellis Island, inspectors processed up to 5,000 immigrants per day during the busiest years.

When did the new wave of immigration begin?

Where did most immigrants arrive in New York?

What law limited Chinese immigration in 1882?

Why did many immigrants leave Europe?

How did nativists feel about new immigrants?

What was one result of immigration?

Immigrants always felt welcomed in America.

What does 'discrimination' mean?