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Woodrow Wilson New Freedom — Reading Comprehension

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D2.HIS.2.3-5
D2.HIS.3.3-5
RI.4.3
RI.4.4
W.4.2

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This engaging U.S. history passage examines President Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom program during the Progressive Era. Students will explore the causes, motivations, and consequences of Wilson's reforms, analyzing how his policies aimed to address economic inequality, corporate power, and social justice. The passage uses a problem/solution structure and incorporates primary source evidence, disciplinary vocabulary, and multiple perspectives—including business leaders, workers, and reformers. Activities include a reading comprehension quiz, explanatory writing prompts, and a graphic organizer. A timeline highlights key events for student reference. The passage aligns with C3 Framework and Common Core ELA standards (D2.His.2.3-5, D2.His.3.3-5, RI.4.3, RI.4.4, W.4.2) and includes a Spanish translation and read aloud audio, making it accessible for diverse learners. This resource supports historical reasoning, evidence-based analysis, and academic vocabulary development for middle school classrooms.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States and President of the American Red Cross
Source: Library of Congress

President Woodrow Wilson introduced the New Freedom to address major challenges in the United States during the early twentieth century. After his election in 1912, Wilson believed that government should help create fair economic opportunities for all Americans. The nation was experiencing rapid industrial growth, but this progress also allowed large monopolies to form. These powerful companies reduced competition and sometimes harmed consumers and workers.

Wilson saw monopolies as a threat to both democracy and free markets. He argued that antitrust laws needed to be strengthened to break up these large companies. Unlike Theodore Roosevelt, who believed in regulating large businesses, Wilson wanted to dismantle them. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 was passed to limit unfair business practices and protect labor unions. This law made it harder for companies to form secret agreements that limited competition.

Another problem was high tariffs, or taxes on imported goods. High tariffs protected American industries but also led to higher prices for consumers. Wilson supported the Underwood Tariff Act, which significantly lowered tariff rates. By reducing these taxes, Wilson hoped to encourage more competition and lower prices for everyday goods.

The American banking system was also unstable. Banks could fail easily, making it hard for people to get loans or keep their money safe. Wilson worked with Congress to create the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. This act established a central bank, called the Federal Reserve, to better regulate the economy and keep banks safe. The Federal Reserve could control how much money was in circulation, which helped prevent economic crises.

Despite these reforms, not everyone benefited equally. African Americans and some immigrant groups continued to face discrimination and had limited access to the new opportunities. Wilson’s administration even allowed some forms of segregation in federal offices. This shows that, while the New Freedom brought progress, it also had limitations and left some Americans behind.

The New Freedom is significant because it marked a shift in how the federal government intervened in the economy. Wilson’s policies aimed to restore competition, protect consumers, and stabilize the banking system. However, the ongoing struggle for equality reminds us that progress can be uneven and complex.

Interesting Fact: Woodrow Wilson was the first president to deliver his State of the Union address in person to Congress since Thomas Jefferson, changing an old tradition.

Who introduced the New Freedom?

Woodrow WilsonTheodore RooseveltFranklin D. RooseveltAbraham Lincoln

What was the main goal of the New Freedom?

Promote fair competitionEnd all taxesExpand the militaryIncrease tariffs

Which act created the Federal Reserve?

Federal Reserve ActClayton Antitrust ActUnderwood Tariff ActSherman Act

Why did Wilson want lower tariffs?

Encourage competitionRaise pricesProtect monopoliesLimit imports

How did the Clayton Antitrust Act help workers?

Protected labor unionsRaised tariffsCreated banksAllowed secret deals

What was a limitation of the New Freedom?

Not all groups benefitedAll tariffs were raisedMonopolies increasedNo changes to banks