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First Scientist To Use The Telescope In Astronomy — Reading Comprehension

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This audio-integrated passage introduces students to Galileo Galilei, often called the "father of observational astronomy," and his revolutionary use of the telescope. Students will learn about his groundbreaking discoveries, such as the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, and how these observations changed our understanding of the solar system. The passage explains key terms like 'observational astronomy' and 'celestial bodies' in simple language suitable for a 6th-grade reading level. Aligned with NGSS MS-ESS1-3, it helps students analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system by understanding how early astronomers made their observations. This resource includes engaging activities like multiple-choice questions, a glossary, and short answer questions to reinforce learning about Galileo's contributions to science.

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Halley’s Comet with bright coma and tail orbiting the Sun among labeled planets. — Elliptical orbit of Halley’s Comet illustrating its return path and cosmic context.

Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered about the amazing things floating in space? One of the most famous objects is a comet called Halley's Comet. This incredible space rock has fascinated people for thousands of years. It's like a dusty snowball that travels around the Sun, appearing in our sky only once in a long while. Understanding Halley's Comet helps us learn about the solar system and the huge distances involved.

A comet is a small, icy body in space that, when it gets close to the Sun, warms up and releases gases. This creates a visible atmosphere, or coma, and often a tail. Halley's Comet is particularly special because it's a periodic comet, meaning it returns regularly. Its orbit, the path it takes around the Sun, is an elongated oval shape, called an ellipse. This is different from the nearly circular orbits of planets like Earth.

The comet is named after an English astronomer named Edmund Halley. In the 17th century, Halley studied records of comets that appeared in 1531, 1607, and 1682. He noticed that these appearances were separated by roughly the same amount of time. Using Isaac Newton's laws of motion and gravity, Halley made a remarkable prediction: he proposed that these were all sightings of the same comet, and it would return in 1758. Halley died before he could see his prediction come true, but the comet did indeed return, just as he had calculated! This was a huge scientific achievement and proved that comets are also bound by the laws of gravity.

Halley's Comet orbits the Sun once every 75 to 76 years. Imagine that – it takes a human's entire lifetime to see it twice! Its last visit was in 1986, which means many of you weren't even born yet. Its next expected appearance will be in the year 2061. This long orbital period is a perfect example of the vast scale properties of objects in our solar system. The comet travels far beyond the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, almost reaching the orbit of Neptune, before turning back towards the Sun.

When Halley's Comet approaches the Sun, the ice on its surface turns directly into gas, creating the spectacular bright coma and a long tail that can stretch for millions of kilometers. This tail is made of dust and gas pushed away from the comet by the solar wind and radiation from the Sun. Studying comets like Halley's helps scientists understand the early solar system, as comets are believed to be leftover materials from when our solar system first formed.

Observing Halley's Comet offers a unique chance to witness a piece of history and a cosmic marvel. Its predictable return reminds us of the orderly, yet vast and dynamic, nature of our solar neighborhood. By analyzing its orbit and past appearances, astronomers continue to refine our understanding of these celestial wanderers.

Fun Fact: The Bayeux Tapestry, a famous embroidery from the 11th century, depicts a comet that is believed to be Halley's Comet appearing in 1066!

Who is Halley's Comet named after?

Edmund HalleyIsaac NewtonGalileo GalileiJohannes Kepler

How long is one orbit of Halley's Comet?

10-20 years75-76 yearsOver 100 years50-51 years

What shape is Halley's Comet's orbit?

Perfect circleSquare shapeElongated oval (ellipse)Straight line

Why is Halley's Comet called 'periodic'?

It changes colorIt comes back regularlyIt has a short tailIt is very small

What happens when a comet nears the Sun?

It gets colderIt speeds up slowlyIt forms a tail and comaIt becomes invisible

Why was Halley's prediction important?

It proved Earth was flatIt showed comets follow gravityIt explained the moonIt made stars brighter