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George Washington Whiskey Rebellion — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging U.S. History reading passage examines George Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion, a crucial moment that tested the authority of the new federal government. Students will learn how President Washington responded to a major challenge in the 1790s, when farmers in western Pennsylvania protested a tax on whiskey. The passage explores the causes of the rebellion, the government's response, and the long-term impact on American history. It features complex historical vocabulary and models the use of evidence and reasoning for analysis. The resource includes a glossary, differentiated simplified and Spanish versions, timeline, graphic organizers, and standards-aligned activities to build comprehension, analytical writing, and historical thinking. Audio read-aloud and Spanish translation support diverse learners. This lesson aligns with HSS 8.3.5 and CCSS.RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.2, making it an excellent choice for middle school U.S. history and literacy instruction.

CONTENT PREVIEW

The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was among the first major tests of the new United States government’s power and its ability to enforce laws. After the American Revolution, the country’s leaders needed money to pay debts from the war. To raise funds, Congress passed a tax on distilled spirits, especially whiskey. Many farmers in western Pennsylvania, who turned their grain into whiskey for easier transportation and profit, saw this tax as unfair. They believed the government, which was far away in Philadelphia, did not understand their struggles. As a result, tensions rose between the government and the frontier settlers.

Farmers began to resist paying the whiskey tax. Some refused to register their stills, while others threatened or attacked tax collectors. This conflict soon escalated into open rebellion. Protesters used violence and intimidation, making it nearly impossible for officials to collect the tax. The situation challenged the authority of the national government and threatened the rule of law.

President George Washington faced a difficult decision. If he ignored the rebellion, it might encourage others to disobey federal laws. On the other hand, using force against citizens could be risky for a new nation that valued freedoms. After careful consideration, Washington decided to demonstrate the government’s authority. He called on state militias from several states and personally led about 13,000 troops toward western Pennsylvania—the largest force he ever commanded during his presidency. This show of strength was intended to restore order and show that the government would not tolerate violent opposition.

When the troops arrived, the rebellion collapsed quickly. Most protesters fled or surrendered without a fight. Only a few leaders were arrested and later pardoned. Washington’s actions set an important precedent. The government enforced the law while also showing restraint by eventually forgiving most rebels. This balance helped reinforce respect for federal laws. It also sent a message to future generations about the importance of peaceful protest and legal change, rather than violent resistance.

The Whiskey Rebellion revealed both the strengths and weaknesses of the young nation. On one hand, Washington’s response proved that the federal government could enforce its laws and maintain order. On the other, it showed that many Americans still distrusted distant authority and wanted their voices heard. The rebellion’s legacy influenced debates about taxation, representation, and government enforcement for years to come.

Interesting Fact: President Washington is the only sitting U.S. president to personally lead troops in the field during his time in office.

Why did Congress tax whiskey?

To pay war debtsTo stop farmingTo help farmersTo lower prices

Where did the Whiskey Rebellion take place?

Western PennsylvaniaNew York CityBostonVirginia

Who led the troops to stop the rebellion?

George WashingtonThomas JeffersonJohn AdamsAlexander Hamilton

What effect did the rebellion have?

Proved federal authorityStopped all taxesCreated new statesLed to another war

Why did farmers turn grain into whiskey?

To make transport and profit easierTo avoid taxesFor funTo make bread

How did Washington show government strength?