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Presidential Precedents George Washington — Reading Comprehension

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This comprehensive history reading passage examines George Washington’s presidency and how his leadership set key national precedents for the United States. Students will explore the creation of the first presidential cabinet, the establishment of the two-term tradition, and the challenges Washington faced in defining executive power. The passage analyzes causes, motivations, and effects, and uses a compare/contrast structure to highlight multiple perspectives. Primary source evidence and academic vocabulary are integrated throughout. Activities include a glossary, multiple-choice quiz, explanatory writing prompts, graphic organizers, and a timeline. The resource is aligned with CA HSS 8.2 and common core standards RI.6.3, RI.6.4, W.6.2, making it ideal for middle school U.S. History classes. Spanish translations and differentiated versions support diverse learners. Read aloud audio is available for accessibility.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"George Washington: first president of the United States" by N. Currier (Firm) /
Source: Library of Congress.

George Washington was the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Washington’s presidency was a time of great responsibility and uncertainty, as the new nation faced many decisions about how to govern itself. Since there had never been a U.S. president before, Washington’s actions helped create precedents, or examples for others to follow. These early decisions shaped the role of the president and influenced future leaders.

One major challenge Washington faced was defining the powers and limits of the presidency. The U.S. Constitution provided a broad outline for the executive branch, but many details were left unclear. Washington worked closely with Congress to interpret the Constitution and establish the traditions of the office. For example, he chose to be called "Mr. President" instead of a royal-sounding title like "Your Excellency." This decision reflected a commitment to a republic, where leaders were not kings but public servants.

Another important tradition set by Washington was the use of a group of advisors, known as the Cabinet. He selected experienced individuals—including Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State and Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury—to help him make important decisions. The Cabinet became a model for future presidents, who also relied on trusted advisors to guide national policy.

Washington also established the tradition of serving only two terms as president. After his second term, he chose not to run again, even though many people wanted him to stay in office. His voluntary departure set an example of peaceful transfer of power, which later became law with the 22nd Amendment. This action helped prevent the rise of a lifelong ruler and protected democratic principles.

During his presidency, Washington dealt with conflicts such as the Whiskey Rebellion, where farmers protested a tax on whiskey. He responded by sending troops to enforce the law, showing that the new government could maintain order. Washington also kept the United States neutral in foreign wars, believing this would help the young country grow stronger and avoid unnecessary conflict. These decisions demonstrated careful leadership and a respect for the rule of law.

Not everyone agreed with Washington’s choices. Political parties began to form, with leaders like Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton disagreeing about the direction of the country. Washington warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances in his Farewell Address. His advice reflected his desire for national unity and independence, even though the nation would continue to debate these issues for many years.

In summary, George Washington’s presidency set key precedents that have shaped the office and American government. His decisions about titles, advisors, and term limits continue to influence presidents today. Washington’s example of strong but limited leadership remains an important part of U.S. history.

Interesting Fact: Washington is the only president to have received 100% of the electoral votes—twice!

Who was the first U.S. president?

George WashingtonThomas JeffersonAlexander HamiltonJohn Adams

What year did Washington become president?

1789177617971800

Who was NOT in Washington’s Cabinet?

John AdamsThomas JeffersonAlexander HamiltonHenry Knox

Why did Washington choose 'Mr. President'?

To avoid royal titlesTo sound more importantAs a British traditionBecause Congress required it

What was a key effect of Washington’s two-term decision?

Prevented lifelong rulersCreated political partiesStarted foreign warsEnded the Cabinet

How did Washington deal with the Whiskey Rebellion?