This Grade 4 physical science reading passage explores how electrical circuits convert energy from one form to another in everyday devices. Aligned to NGSS 4-PS3-2 and DCIs PS3.B and PS3.D, the passage introduces students to the concept of energy conversion through familiar examples like light bulbs, buzzers, and motors. Students learn that circuits change electrical energy into light, sound, and motion, building foundational understanding for designing devices that convert energy. The passage uses simple, age-appropriate language and real-world examples to help fourth graders understand how the devices they use daily actually work. Audio integration supports diverse learners by providing multiple ways to access the content. This resource includes a simplified differentiated version, Spanish translations, glossary terms, comprehension questions, writing activities, and graphic organizers to support comprehensive understanding of energy conversion in circuits.
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A thermos is a special container that keeps hot drinks hot and cold drinks cold for many hours. Image Credit vladimirya / Pixabay.
A thermos is a special container that keeps hot drinks hot and cold drinks cold for many hours. It works by stopping thermal energy, or heat, from moving in or out. Understanding how a thermos works helps us see how energy moves between objects.
Heat moves in three different ways: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction happens when heat passes through solid materials, like when a metal spoon gets hot in soup. Convection occurs when heat moves through liquids or gases as warm particles rise and cool particles sink. Radiation is heat that travels through empty space, like warmth from the sun reaching Earth.
A thermos stops all three types of heat transfer. It has two walls with a vacuum, or empty space with almost no air, between them. Since the vacuum has almost no particles, heat cannot move through it by conduction or convection. The inside walls have shiny, reflective surfaces that bounce heat back, reducing radiation. A sealed lid on top prevents warm air from escaping.
When you put hot cocoa in a thermos, the thermal energy stays inside because it cannot escape. When you put ice water in a thermos, heat from outside cannot get in, so the water stays cold. A thermos does not add heat or cold—it simply blocks energy from moving.
Interesting Fact: The first thermos was invented in 1892 by a scientist named James Dewar who was trying to keep chemicals cold for experiments!
What does a thermos do?
Adds heat to cold drinksKeeps drinks hot or coldMakes drinks taste betterCools down hot drinks quickly
How many ways does heat move?
Two waysThree waysFour waysFive ways
What is between the thermos walls?
WaterCottonA vacuumPlastic foam
Why can't heat move through vacuum?
It is too coldIt has almost no particlesIt is too smallIt is made of metal
What do reflective surfaces do?
Absorb all the heatLet heat pass throughBounce heat backCreate more heat
How does thermos keep cold drinks cold?
By adding ice continuouslyBy making the drink colderBy preventing heat from enteringBy removing thermal energy
A thermos adds heat to drinks.
TrueFalse
What is thermal energy?
Light from the sunHeat or warmthCold temperatureSound waves
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Topics
circuitselectrical energyenergy conversionlight bulbmotorbuzzerNGSS 4-PS3-2physical sciencegrade 4 scienceenergy transfer
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