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Righteous Among the Nations — Reading Comprehension

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This passage explores the Righteous Among the Nations, a special title given to non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust in World War II. Students will examine real-life examples, including Oskar Schindler and Irena Sendler, and learn about the geographic and social contexts of Nazi-occupied Europe. The passage incorporates evidence from primary sources, analyzes cause-and-effect relationships, and highlights the impact of these courageous individuals. Activities include a glossary, multiple-choice quiz, writing prompts, graphic organizers, and a timeline to reinforce understanding. The passage is aligned with California HSS 7.8, CCSS RI.6.1, RI.6.4, and supports historical thinking skills. Spanish translation and read aloud audio are included for accessibility. This resource provides an engaging way for students to analyze history and understand the significance of moral choices during times of crisis.

CONTENT PREVIEW

Familie Ten Boom — "Family Ten Boom"/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The Holocaust was a period during World War II when millions of Jews and other groups were persecuted and killed by Nazi Germany. In the face of extreme danger, some non-Jewish individuals chose to risk their own lives to save Jews from murder and deportation. These courageous individuals are honored as the Righteous Among the Nations, a title given by Yad Vashem, Israel’s official Holocaust memorial.

Throughout Nazi-occupied Europe, helping Jews was forbidden and often punished by death. Yet, people from many countries—including Poland, France, the Netherlands, and Denmark—bravely resisted Nazi laws. One famous example is Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist. Schindler used his factory in Kraków, Poland, to employ over 1,200 Jews, protecting them from being sent to concentration camps. Documents and survivor testimonies provide evidence of his actions. Another example is Irena Sendler, a Polish social worker who led efforts to smuggle about 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto. Sendler and her helpers provided false identity papers and safe hiding places, often at great personal risk. These stories are supported by records found after the war and the memories of those who survived.

Many rescuers used creative methods to help. In the Netherlands, the Ten Boom family built a secret room in their home to hide Jewish refugees. The diary of Corrie ten Boom, as well as physical evidence of the hiding place, reveal the family’s commitment. In Denmark, ordinary citizens organized boat transports to Sweden, saving nearly 7,200 Danish Jews in 1943. These actions show the power of collective resistance and the importance of solidarity in times of crisis.

The risks were enormous. Many Righteous, like the Ten Boom family, were arrested or killed for their actions. Yet, their moral choices demonstrate the impact of individual decisions within a strict social hierarchy and oppressive regime. While some people chose to obey Nazi orders or remain silent, the Righteous Among the Nations acted on their conscience, often guided by humanitarian beliefs or religious faith. Their stories remind us that even in the darkest times, people can make a difference.

The actions of the Righteous Among the Nations are significant because they challenge us to consider the consequences of our choices and the value of human life. Their bravery continues to inspire new generations to stand against injustice and help those in need.

Learning about these heroes connects to broader themes in world history, such as resistance, moral decision-making, and the struggle for human rights.

Interesting Fact: More than 27,000 people from over 50 countries have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem.

Who was Oskar Schindler?

A German factory ownerA Danish fishermanA French soldierA Dutch writer

What did Irena Sendler do?

Saved Jewish childrenBuilt secret roomsLed Nazi troopsCreated Yad Vashem

Where did the Ten Boom family live?

The NetherlandsPolandDenmarkFrance

Why were the actions of the Righteous dangerous?

Helping Jews was punished by deathThey had no foodThey were soldiersIt was legal to help

How did Danish citizens help Jews?

By organizing boat escapesBy opening factoriesBy writing diariesBy joining the Nazis

What does 'solidarity' mean here?