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Galápagos Islands — Reading Comprehension

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MS-LS2-1
MS-LS4-4
MS-ESS3-4

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This engaging science passage explores the Galápagos Islands, a volcanic archipelago located off the coast of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. Aligned with NGSS standards MS-LS2-1, MS-LS4-4, and MS-ESS3-4, students will learn about the islands’ volcanic origins, their geographic isolation, and the resulting evolution of unique endemic species like the giant tortoise, marine iguana, and blue-footed booby. The passage explains how Charles Darwin’s observations in the Galápagos inspired his theory of evolution by natural selection. Students will examine the islands’ role as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the ongoing conservation efforts, and the challenges posed by invasive species. Activities include a glossary, comprehension questions, writing prompts, and graphic organizers. This resource is ideal for middle school science classrooms and includes audio integration for accessibility, making it a comprehensive tool for exploring ecosystems, adaptation, and conservation.

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"Galapagos 1744" by Emanuel Bowen, from an original by William Ambrosia Cowley / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).

The Galápagos Islands are a remote group of volcanic islands located about 1,000 kilometers west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean. Their isolation has made them a natural laboratory for studying evolution and ecosystems. The islands are famous for their unique plants and animals, many of which are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. Scientists have long studied the Galápagos to understand how living things adapt and change over time.

Volcanic Origins and Geographic Isolation
The Galápagos Islands were formed by volcanic activity millions of years ago. Hot magma from beneath Earth’s crust pushed upward, creating new land in the ocean. This process, called volcanism, still shapes the islands today, with some volcanoes remaining active. Because the islands are separated from the mainland by vast stretches of ocean, only a few species were able to reach them, usually by drifting on vegetation or flying. Over time, these species evolved to fit the unique environments found on each island, leading to high levels of biodiversity.

Unique Wildlife and Darwin's Discoveries
The Galápagos are home to extraordinary wildlife. The giant tortoise can weigh up to 250 kilograms and live over 100 years. The marine iguana is the only lizard in the world that swims and feeds in the ocean. Brightly colored blue-footed boobies are well-known for their courtship dances. Charles Darwin visited the islands in 1835 and noticed how similar species varied from island to island, helping him develop the theory of natural selection. This theory explains how species adapt to their environment over generations.

Conservation and Modern Challenges
Today, the Galápagos Islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site and are protected by strict conservation laws. However, the islands face challenges from invasive species like rats and goats, which threaten native wildlife and plants. Scientists and park rangers work to control these invaders and restore balance to the ecosystem. In addition, increasing human activity, such as tourism and fishing, puts pressure on the fragile environment. Conservation efforts focus on sustainable practices to ensure that the Galápagos’ unique biodiversity survives for future generations.

Protecting the Galápagos Islands is important not just for Ecuador, but for the entire world. These islands help scientists understand evolution, adaptation, and the impact of humans on nature. The lessons learned here can inform conservation efforts in other ecosystems globally.

Interesting Fact:
The Galápagos marine iguana can dive up to 9 meters (30 feet) underwater to feed on seaweed—a unique adaptation among lizards!

Where are the Galápagos Islands located?

In the Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 kilometers west of EcuadorIn the Atlantic Ocean, near BrazilIn the Indian Ocean, near IndiaIn the Pacific Ocean, near Australia

What does it mean if a species is 'endemic' to the Galápagos?

It is only found on these islandsIt lives in many different placesIt migrates to other continentsIt is always endangered

Which animal is unique for being able to swim and feed in the ocean?

Blue-footed boobyGiant tortoiseMarine iguanaGalápagos penguin

What does the term 'biodiversity' mean in the passage?

A large number of fish in the oceanDifferent types of plants and animals living togetherVolcanoes on the islandsThe blue color of birds’ feet

How did the volcanic origin of the Galápagos Islands affect the types of species found there?

It made the islands cold and lifelessIt created new land far from the mainland, allowing only some species to arrive and evolve separatelyIt caused all species to migrate awayIt led to the extinction of all native animals

Why are invasive species a problem in the Galápagos Islands?

They bring new food for native animalsThey help keep the ecosystem balancedThey threaten native wildlife and plants by competing or causing harmThey make islands more colorful

How did Charles Darwin’s visit to the Galápagos Islands change scientific understanding?

He discovered a new oceanHe developed the theory of natural selection by observing differences in speciesHe invented new fishing methodsHe built the first volcano monitoring station

What is one way people are working to protect the Galápagos Islands?

By introducing more invasive speciesBy building more hotelsBy using sustainable practices and controlling invasive speciesBy removing all animals

The blue-footed booby is a type of fish. (True/False)

TrueFalse

The Galápagos Islands are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (True/False)

TrueFalse