Nuclear Safety and Waste — Reading Comprehension

Nuclear energy is a powerful source of electricity used around the world. While it offers huge benefits, such as producing large amounts of energy with low carbon emissions, it also presents serious safety challenges. The major concerns are exposure to radiation, the management of radioactive waste, and the risk of accidents. Understanding how nuclear safety systems work and why waste is difficult to manage is crucial for protecting people and the environment.

Radiation Risks and Safety Measures
Radiation is energy released from unstable atoms. When humans are exposed to high levels of radiation, it can damage cells in the body. This can lead to radiation sickness, an illness with symptoms like nausea and fatigue, or even increase the risk of cancer. The effects depend on the amount and duration of exposure. To reduce risks, nuclear facilities use multiple safety measures. Shielding made of thick concrete or lead blocks radiation from escaping. Workers limit their exposure by keeping a safe distance from radioactive sources and spending as little time as possible near them. Protective equipment, like special suits, further reduces exposure. Geiger counters are used to detect and measure radiation levels, ensuring that environments remain safe.

Managing Nuclear Waste
One of the biggest challenges is dealing with nuclear waste. After fuel is used in a reactor, it remains radioactive for thousands of years. Improperly managed waste can leak into the environment, contaminating soil and water. To address this, scientists and engineers develop storage solutions like deep geological repositories, which are underground facilities built to contain radioactive materials safely for very long periods. These repositories are designed with layers of barriers to prevent leaks. Storing waste safely requires careful planning, monitoring, and regulations to protect current and future generations.

Accidents, Regulations, and Safety Culture
History has shown the importance of strict safety standards. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima accident in 2011 both released large amounts of radiation into the environment. Investigations found that inadequate safety measures and lack of a strong safety culture contributed to these events. As a result, international regulations became stricter, and nuclear facilities worldwide improved their training and emergency plans. Today, a strong safety culture means everyone working in nuclear energy is responsible for following safety procedures, reporting problems, and learning from past mistakes.

In summary, nuclear safety depends on understanding radiation, using protective systems, responsibly managing waste, and maintaining a safety culture. By learning from accidents, applying regulations, and using technology, societies can minimize risks while benefiting from nuclear energy's power.

Interesting Fact: 
Some radioactive waste remains dangerous for over 100,000 years, requiring storage solutions that last far longer than any human-made structure has before.

What is the main reason nuclear waste is difficult to manage?

Which safety measure helps prevent radiation from escaping into the environment?

What device is used to measure radiation levels?

What happened as a result of the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents?

Which of the following best defines 'deep geological repository'?

If a worker increases their distance from a radioactive source, what happens to their radiation exposure?

Which statement is supported by the passage?

Why is it important to have regulations and a safety culture in nuclear energy?

True or False: Geiger counters are used to detect and measure radiation.

True or False: Nuclear waste can safely be stored above ground for 100,000 years.