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Continental Congress — Reading Comprehension

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This engaging U.S. History reading passage explores the dramatic events leading to the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress in July 1776. Students will delve into the challenges, fears, and debates among colonial delegates as they considered breaking away from British rule, examining both the conflicts and solutions that shaped this revolutionary decision. The passage highlights important academic vocabulary, provides a glossary, and integrates problem/solution text structure to help students analyze history like a historian. Also included are differentiated reading versions, a Spanish translation, and a variety of activities aligned with HSS 5.6.1, 8.2.3 and CCSS RI.6-8.1, RI.6-8.2 standards. Students can assess their understanding with a multiple-choice quiz, writing prompts, graphic organizers, and a timeline. Read aloud audio is available to support diverse learners.

CONTENT PREVIEW

"Independence declared 1776. The Union must be preserved" by Moore, Thomas / Library of Congress.

In July 1776, the Second Continental Congress reached a turning point that would change the future of North America. Meeting in Philadelphia, delegates from thirteen colonies faced a critical decision: whether to formally declare independence from Great Britain. This choice was not simple. The colonies had lived under British rule for generations, but increasing taxes, lack of representation, and harsh laws had made many colonists eager for change. However, the risks were enormous. If their effort failed, those involved would be considered guilty of treason, a crime punishable by death.

The delegates to the Congress came from vastly different backgrounds and regions. Some, like John Adams of Massachusetts, strongly supported independence. Others, such as John Dickinson of Pennsylvania, were hesitant and hoped for reconciliation. Over months of debate, these men discussed not only the resolution for independence but also the possible consequences for the colonies. Disagreements were common, and unity was difficult to achieve. Fear of British military power and uncertainty about the future divided the delegates, yet they continued to seek a path forward.

One major challenge was convincing all thirteen colonies to agree. The Congress knew that a unanimous decision would send a stronger message both to Britain and to the world. Influential figures, such as Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Roger Sherman, worked tirelessly to draft a document that would express the colonies’ reasons for separating. This document, known as the Declaration of Independence, explained the colonies’ grievances and proclaimed their right to self-government.

Throughout these debates, the delegates demonstrated political courage and compromise. Some feared the loss of economic ties or the destruction of families with differing loyalties. Others worried about forming a new government from scratch. Through careful negotiation, the Congress addressed these concerns while maintaining focus on the larger goal: freedom from British control. The final vote did not come easily, but persistence paid off.

On July 2, 1776, the Congress officially voted for independence. Two days later, on July 4th, the Declaration of Independence was adopted and signed by representatives of the colonies. This act signified the birth of a new nation, the United States of America. The Declaration not only inspired colonists but also attracted international attention, particularly from France and Spain. By standing together, the colonies transformed their struggle from a series of protests into a unified revolution.

The Continental Congress’s decision was both revolutionary and risky. Had they failed, the leaders would have faced severe punishment, and the colonies might have remained divided. Instead, their collective action set the stage for the Revolutionary War and the eventual creation of a democratic republic. The courage and determination displayed during these debates continue to be celebrated as a defining moment in American history.

Interesting Fact: After the signing, John Hancock wrote his name the largest on the Declaration so that, as he said, "King George could read it without his spectacles."

When was the Declaration adopted?

July 4, 1776June 17, 1775May 1, 1776July 2, 1774

Where did the Congress meet?

BostonPhiladelphiaNew YorkRichmond

Who signed the Declaration largest?

Thomas JeffersonJohn HancockJohn AdamsBenjamin Franklin

Why did some delegates hesitate?

Feared British militaryWanted higher taxesLiked British foodWanted a king

How did the Congress show unity?

All voted for independenceInvited British leadersChanged colonies’ namesWrote secret letters

What did the Declaration explain?

Colonies’ complaints and rightsHow to pay taxesNames of all coloniesA new British law